prokaryotes are
ubiquitous
anaerobically; obligate
Some prokaryotes may grow _____, only in the gut, or ______ that only only grow in the air
Mutualism
two species benefit from each other: Population A: benefitted and Population B: benefitted
Example of Mutualism
Gut nutrient metabolism
Amensalism
One population harms another but remains unaffected itself: Population A: harmed and Population B: unaffected
Example of Amensalism
Antimicrobial defense on skin
Commensalism
One organism benefits while the other is unaffected
Example of Commensalism
Skin cells as food source
Parasitism
One organism benefits while harming the other: Population A: benefitted and Population B: harmed
Example(s) of Parasitism
Leprosy and tuberculosis
Neutralism
Neither of the symbiotic organisms are affected in anyway: Population A: unaffected and Population B: unaffected
Example of Neutralism
endospores and vegetative cells
Resident Microbiome
live in or on our bodies; human microbiome
Transient Microbiome
temporarily found in the human body; parasitic and pathogenic microorganisms
Gram (-) Phyla
proteobacteria, spirochete, CFB group, planctomycetes, phototrophic bacteria
Gram (+) Phyla
Actinobacteria and Firmicutes
Atypical (neither - or +)
Tenericutes
oligotrophs that live in low nutrient environments and must have a host to be metabotically active (parasite)
Alphaproteobacteria
alpha; causative agents for Rocky Mtn. spotted fever and Typhus fever; lice and flees
Rickettsia spp.
alpha; causative agents for lymphogranuloma venereum (STD)
Chlamydia spp.
Eutrophs that require many nutrients (copiotrophs) and are difficult to grow
Betaproteobacteria
beta; causative agents for pertussis (whooping cough), kennel cough, and produces toxins to paralyze lung cilia
Bordetella spp.
beta; causative agent for gonorrhea (STD)
Neisseria gonorrhea
beta; causative agent for bacterial meningitis
Neisseria meningitides
Most diverse
Gammaproteobacteria
gamma; common infection of wounds, urinary tract, and respiratory tract; strictly motile and aerobic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
gamma; causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals (passed through bite)
Pasteurella Haemolytica
gamma; causative agent for upper and lower respiratory infections; does not cause influenza
Haemophilus influenza
gamma; commonly found in alkaline environments, such as ocean ports and lagoons; gastrointestinal disease, cellulitis, and blood-borne infections
Vibrio spp.
gamma; causative agent of cholera and common to water contamination, hyper-secretion of electrolytes that causes watery diarrhea
Vibrio cholera
gamma; causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and common to water contamination; likes stagnant, warmish pools of water
Legionella pneumophila
Enterobacter Family
large family of enteric (intestinal) bacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria and are anaerobes
Coliforms
similar to E. coli microbes that ferment lactose completely (acid and gas)
E. coli: most mutualistic, some produce shiga toxin
Non-coliforms
Fermentation of lactose is incomplete or absent
Examples of Non-coliforms
Salmonella: can have multiple serotypes (strains) that can cause salmonellosis
Small class and sulfate reducing bacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
delta; periodontal disease
Desulfovibrio orale
delta; parasitic to other gram (-); feeds onto hosts' proteins and polysaccharides
Parasitic Bdellovibrio spp.
delta; soil dwelling "slime bacteria"
Myxobacteria
Smallest class, microaerophilic (likes small amts of oxygen)
Epsilonproteobacteria
epsilon; common to food poisoning; infects chickens (C. jejuni) and infects humans via undercooked meat, causing severe enteritis
Campylobacter spp.
epsilon; commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach cancer in susceptible people; EX: H. pylori (acid reflux)
Helicobacter spp.
Gram (-) non-proteobacteria, difficult to stain and culture, axial filament
spirochete
spirochete; causative agent for syphillis
Treponema pallidum
spirochete; lyme disease transferred through ticks
Borrelia burgdorferi
Gram (-) non-proteobacteria, anaerobic and fermentors (like to breakdown plant material)
CFB group
CFB; gliding system for motility; mechanisms mostly unknown
Cytophaga spp.
CFB; inhabit mouth and can cause several oral diseases (plaque formation)
Fusobacteria spp.
CFB; 30% of gut microbiome, lower levels correlated w/ obesity
Bacteroids spp.
Gram (-) non-proteobacteria; aquatic environments (fresh, salt and brackish) and reproduce via budding
Planctomycetes
Planctomycetes; Immobile w/ holdfast appendage
Sessile cells
Planctomycetes; motile, unable to reproduce
Swarmer cells
Grouped on FUNCTION not taxa, utilize sun as main source of energy via photosynthesis
Phototrophic Bacteria
Produce O2; cyanobacteria (adaptable, used as biosorbents and human nutrition) and Microsystis spp. (toxic algal blooms that can cause liver and nervous system damage)
Oxygenic
does not produce O2; purple sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria
Anoxygenic
high g+c content (> 50%), soil ecology and contains different peptidoglycans in cw, extremely diverse
Actinobacteria
actino; acid fast (+) due to mycolic acid in cw; causative agent for tuberculosis and leprosy
Myobacterium spp.
actino; diaminopimelic acids in cw - forms endospores and palisades, most are non-pathogenic; C. diphtheria is causative agent for diphtheria
Corynebacterium spp.
actino; filamentous and anaerobic, frequently used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium spp.
actino; 1 species, inconsistent stain results, and causative agent for bacterial vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis
low G+C content (<50%); Clostridium, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus
Firmicutes
firm; clostridium; agent for food poisoning and gangrene
C. prefringens
firm; clostridium; producer of neurotoxin and agent for tetanus
C. tetani
firm; clostridium; producer for botulinum neurotoxin
C. botulinum
firm; clostridium; hospital infection, causes severe colitis
C. difficile
Genus Clostridium:
obligate anaerobes, soil dwelling, common food contaminant, endospore producers
firm; order: lactobacillales; genera: streptococcus; B-hemolytic cocci associates w/ pus production (pyogenic), strep-throat, can lyse cells
S. pyogenes
firm; order: lactobacillales; genera: streptococcus; Causes pneumonia, respiratory infections, and other diseases; firmicutes
S. pneumoniae
Facultative anaerobes, non-spore formers, significant component of gut microbiome; firmicutes: yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, etc
L. acidophilus
Diplococci arrangement, anaerobic respiration, commensal gut microbe, common UTI pathogen; firmicutes
E. faecium
bacillus; causative agent for anthrax
B. anthracis
bacillus; common food poisoning agent
B. cereus
bacillus; producer of insecticide compounds
B. thuriengiensis
bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative anaerobes - endospore producers
Genus Bacillus
facultative anaerobes that are halo-tolerant (salt-loving) and non-motile
Genus Staphylococcus
staph; common agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoning, and some are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA and VRSA)
S. aureus
staph; common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds
S. epidermidis
Not part of gram (+) or (-); genus mycoplasma
Tenericutes
Tener; agent for walking pneumonia
M. pneumoniae
Mycoplasma
No cw and does not retain crystal violet
Hyperthermophiles living in hot springs and oven vents
Aquificae (Gram -)
Hyperthermophilic anaerobes; sheath-like outer membrane
Thermotogae (Gram -)
Polyextremophile (vacuum acidity tolerant), repairs DNA
Deinococci (Gram +)
All aquatic microbes, many extremophiles
Crenarchaeota Phylum
cren; thermophiles and acidophiles; facultative anaerobic; used in biotech for production of affitins, which causes proteins to not function together (prions/ heat & acid)
Sulfolobus spp.
cren; strict anaerobic thermophiles; arguably deepest branching archaea (oldest)
Thermoproteus spp.
Mostly methanogens and anaerobes
Euryarchaeota
Methanobacteria, Methanococci, Methanomicrobia, & Halobacteria
3 methanogens
Protozoa
animal-like, heterotrophic, unicellular, motile, sexual or asexual
Algae
plant-like, uni or multicellular,
Plankton
microorganisms that drift or float in water, moved by currents
Zooplankton
motile and non-photosynthetic
Phytoplankton
photosynthetic
Trophozoites
feeding and growth stages
Cysts
encapsulated stage to protect against harsh environments (dormant stage)
asexual reproduction
binary fission, budding, or schizogeny (nucleus divides multiple times to form smaller cells)
sexual reproduction
syngamy (fusing of haploid gametes) or conjugation (cilia reproduce sexually)
Plasmalemma
protozoan membrane
Pellicle
membranes with bands of proteins to provide rigidness
Ectoplasm
a substance supposed to emanate (flow) from the body of the medium during a trance (Outer gel-like layer)