BIOL 2460 - EXAM 2 REVIEW - PARKS - MICROBIOLOGY

prokaryotes are

prokaryotes are

ubiquitous

anaerobically; obligate

Some prokaryotes may grow _____, only in the gut, or ______ that only only grow in the air

Mutualism

two species benefit from each other: Population A: benefitted and Population B: benefitted

Example of Mutualism

Gut nutrient metabolism

Amensalism

One population harms another but remains unaffected itself: Population A: harmed and Population B: unaffected

Example of Amensalism

Antimicrobial defense on skin

Commensalism

One organism benefits while the other is unaffected

Example of Commensalism

Skin cells as food source

Parasitism

One organism benefits while harming the other: Population A: benefitted and Population B: harmed

Example(s) of Parasitism

Leprosy and tuberculosis

Neutralism

Neither of the symbiotic organisms are affected in anyway: Population A: unaffected and Population B: unaffected

Example of Neutralism

endospores and vegetative cells

Resident Microbiome

live in or on our bodies; human microbiome

Transient Microbiome

temporarily found in the human body; parasitic and pathogenic microorganisms

Gram (-) Phyla

proteobacteria, spirochete, CFB group, planctomycetes, phototrophic bacteria

Gram (+) Phyla

Actinobacteria and Firmicutes

Atypical (neither - or +)

Tenericutes

oligotrophs that live in low nutrient environments and must have a host to be metabotically active (parasite)

Alphaproteobacteria

alpha; causative agents for Rocky Mtn. spotted fever and Typhus fever; lice and flees

Rickettsia spp.

alpha; causative agents for lymphogranuloma venereum (STD)

Chlamydia spp.

Eutrophs that require many nutrients (copiotrophs) and are difficult to grow

Betaproteobacteria

beta; causative agents for pertussis (whooping cough), kennel cough, and produces toxins to paralyze lung cilia

Bordetella spp.

beta; causative agent for gonorrhea (STD)

Neisseria gonorrhea

beta; causative agent for bacterial meningitis

Neisseria meningitides

Most diverse

Gammaproteobacteria

gamma; common infection of wounds, urinary tract, and respiratory tract; strictly motile and aerobic

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

gamma; causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals (passed through bite)

Pasteurella Haemolytica

gamma; causative agent for upper and lower respiratory infections; does not cause influenza

Haemophilus influenza

gamma; commonly found in alkaline environments, such as ocean ports and lagoons; gastrointestinal disease, cellulitis, and blood-borne infections

Vibrio spp.

gamma; causative agent of cholera and common to water contamination, hyper-secretion of electrolytes that causes watery diarrhea

Vibrio cholera

gamma; causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and common to water contamination; likes stagnant, warmish pools of water

Legionella pneumophila

Enterobacter Family

large family of enteric (intestinal) bacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria and are anaerobes

Coliforms

similar to E. coli microbes that ferment lactose completely (acid and gas)

1. E. coli: most mutualistic, some produce shiga toxin

Non-coliforms

Fermentation of lactose is incomplete or absent

Examples of Non-coliforms

1. Salmonella: can have multiple serotypes (strains) that can cause salmonellosis

Small class and sulfate reducing bacteria

Deltaproteobacteria

delta; periodontal disease

Desulfovibrio orale

delta; parasitic to other gram (-); feeds onto hosts' proteins and polysaccharides

Parasitic Bdellovibrio spp.

delta; soil dwelling "slime bacteria"

Myxobacteria

Smallest class, microaerophilic (likes small amts of oxygen)

Epsilonproteobacteria

epsilon; common to food poisoning; infects chickens (C. jejuni) and infects humans via undercooked meat, causing severe enteritis

Campylobacter spp.

epsilon; commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach cancer in susceptible people; EX: H. pylori (acid reflux)

Helicobacter spp.

Gram (-) non-proteobacteria, difficult to stain and culture, axial filament

spirochete

spirochete; causative agent for syphillis

Treponema pallidum

spirochete; lyme disease transferred through ticks

Borrelia burgdorferi

Gram (-) non-proteobacteria, anaerobic and fermentors (like to breakdown plant material)

CFB group

CFB; gliding system for motility; mechanisms mostly unknown

Cytophaga spp.

CFB; inhabit mouth and can cause several oral diseases (plaque formation)

Fusobacteria spp.

CFB; 30% of gut microbiome, lower levels correlated w/ obesity

Bacteroids spp.

Gram (-) non-proteobacteria; aquatic environments (fresh, salt and brackish) and reproduce via budding

Planctomycetes

Planctomycetes; Immobile w/ holdfast appendage

Sessile cells

Planctomycetes; motile, unable to reproduce

Swarmer cells

Grouped on FUNCTION not taxa, utilize sun as main source of energy via photosynthesis

Phototrophic Bacteria

Produce O2; cyanobacteria (adaptable, used as biosorbents and human nutrition) and Microsystis spp. (toxic algal blooms that can cause liver and nervous system damage)

Oxygenic

does not produce O2; purple sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria

Anoxygenic

high g+c content (> 50%), soil ecology and contains different peptidoglycans in cw, extremely diverse

Actinobacteria

actino; acid fast (+) due to mycolic acid in cw; causative agent for tuberculosis and leprosy

Myobacterium spp.

actino; diaminopimelic acids in cw - forms endospores and palisades, most are non-pathogenic; C. diphtheria is causative agent for diphtheria

Corynebacterium spp.

actino; filamentous and anaerobic, frequently used as a probiotic

Bifidobacterium spp.

actino; 1 species, inconsistent stain results, and causative agent for bacterial vaginosis

Gardnerella vaginalis

low G+C content (<50%); Clostridium, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus

Firmicutes

firm; clostridium; agent for food poisoning and gangrene

C. prefringens

firm; clostridium; producer of neurotoxin and agent for tetanus

C. tetani

firm; clostridium; producer for botulinum neurotoxin

C. botulinum

firm; clostridium; hospital infection, causes severe colitis

C. difficile

Genus Clostridium:

obligate anaerobes, soil dwelling, common food contaminant, endospore producers

firm; order: lactobacillales; genera: streptococcus; B-hemolytic cocci associates w/ pus production (pyogenic), strep-throat, can lyse cells

S. pyogenes

firm; order: lactobacillales; genera: streptococcus; Causes pneumonia, respiratory infections, and other diseases; firmicutes

S. pneumoniae

Facultative anaerobes, non-spore formers, significant component of gut microbiome; firmicutes: yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, etc

L. acidophilus

Diplococci arrangement, anaerobic respiration, commensal gut microbe, common UTI pathogen; firmicutes

E. faecium

bacillus; causative agent for anthrax

B. anthracis

bacillus; common food poisoning agent

B. cereus

bacillus; producer of insecticide compounds

B. thuriengiensis

bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative anaerobes - endospore producers

Genus Bacillus

facultative anaerobes that are halo-tolerant (salt-loving) and non-motile

Genus Staphylococcus

staph; common agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoning, and some are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA and VRSA)

S. aureus

staph; common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds

S. epidermidis

Not part of gram (+) or (-); genus mycoplasma

Tenericutes

Tener; agent for walking pneumonia

M. pneumoniae

Mycoplasma

No cw and does not retain crystal violet

Hyperthermophiles living in hot springs and oven vents

Aquificae (Gram -)

Hyperthermophilic anaerobes; sheath-like outer membrane

Thermotogae (Gram -)

Polyextremophile (vacuum acidity tolerant), repairs DNA

Deinococci (Gram +)

All aquatic microbes, many extremophiles

Crenarchaeota Phylum

cren; thermophiles and acidophiles; facultative anaerobic; used in biotech for production of affitins, which causes proteins to not function together (prions/ heat & acid)

Sulfolobus spp.

cren; strict anaerobic thermophiles; arguably deepest branching archaea (oldest)

Thermoproteus spp.

Mostly methanogens and anaerobes

Euryarchaeota

Methanobacteria, Methanococci, Methanomicrobia, & Halobacteria

3 methanogens

Protozoa

animal-like, heterotrophic, unicellular, motile, sexual or asexual

Algae

plant-like, uni or multicellular,

Plankton

microorganisms that drift or float in water, moved by currents

Zooplankton

motile and non-photosynthetic

Phytoplankton

photosynthetic

Trophozoites

feeding and growth stages

Cysts

encapsulated stage to protect against harsh environments (dormant stage)

asexual reproduction

binary fission, budding, or schizogeny (nucleus divides multiple times to form smaller cells)

sexual reproduction

syngamy (fusing of haploid gametes) or conjugation (cilia reproduce sexually)

Plasmalemma

protozoan membrane

Pellicle

membranes with bands of proteins to provide rigidness

Ectoplasm

a substance supposed to emanate (flow) from the body of the medium during a trance (Outer gel-like layer)