Worked

accidental host

an organism in which the pathogen is not normally found, but can serve as a host. Typically the pathogen is more virulent in accidental hosts

balanced pathogenicity

Host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host while causing minimal harm - host becomes more resistant while pathogen becomes less virulent

capsid

protein coat surrounding a virus

RNA virus

A virus in which the genetic information is stored in the form of RNA (as opposed to DNA).

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell. It steals host ATP, protein production, and nucleic acid replication machinery.

antibiotic

A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms. Effective against bacteria, but do nothing to treat viruses.

chicken pox

DNA virus that causes both chicken pox, becomes latent, then can cause shingles.

enveloped virus

A virus enclosed within a phospholipid membrane derived from its host cell.

herd immunity

the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

lysogenic cycle

A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.

polio

a paralytic viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord - prevented with the Salk or Sabin vaccine.

smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. This disease was eradicated in the 1980s

influenza virus

Enveloped, ssRNA, w/ segmented genome. Contain hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) Ags. Responsible for worldwide influenza epidemics; pt at risk for fatal bacterial superinfeciton. Rapid genetic changes.

lytic cycle

A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.

SARS-CoV2

Potentially life-threatening viral infection that usually starts with flulike symptoms - COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV2. Pandemic in 2020. (Has killed 7 million worldwide from 2019-2023)

zoonotic disease

a disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions; also know as zoonosis

alternation of generations

A life cycle in which there a multicellular sporophyte (2n) that produces spores (1n) by meiosis. these spores grow into a multicellular gametophyte (1n) that makes haploid (1n) gametes (eggs and/or sperm) by mitosis. These gametes fuse to form a zygote (2n) that grows into a sporophyte (2n) - which completes the cycle

artificial selection

Directed breeding (of plants and/or animals) for useful traits (e.g. kernel size, milk production, plant height, etc.)

cuticle

The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.

endosperm

triploid (3n) tissue found in angiosperm seeds that is the product of double fertilization (1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei

meiosis

cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the diploid parent cell, as in the production of animal gametes and plant spores. The daughter cells are genetically diverse - different from each other and the parent cell.

pollen

the tiny granules that contain the male gametophyte of seed plants. This stage replaces the flagellated sperm seen in non-seed plants (ferns and moss)

sporangia

plant structure located on the mature sporophyte. this is where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores. (Sori on fern leaves

stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move. These are regulated to control gas exchange and limit water loss.

angiosperm

flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit. These plants have double fertilization as part of their life cycle, so produce triploid endosperm in their seeds.

bisexual gametophyte

haploid plant stage that makes both eggs and sperm on the same plant (homosporous plants have these)

diploid

abbreviated 2n - indicates that this organism has paired chromosomes, so 2 of each chromosome.

fern

seedless vascular plant that has a flagellated sperm (not pollen), small bisexual gametophyte and large sporophyte stage.

homosporous (homospory)

plants that produce a single type of spore that grows into a gametophyte that produces both eggs and sperm (bisexual gametophyte)

microspores

spores made by a heterosporous plant - these are the smaller ones that grow into the male gametophyte.

pollination syndrome

flower characteristics associated with a particular type of pollinator. This is the result of coevolution of flower and pollinator

sporophyte

multi-cellular diploid (2n) phase of an organism. Makes haploid spores by meiosis.

antheridia

male gametangia (protected gamete producing structure) that develops flagellated sperm (seen in mosses/bryophytes)

bryophyte

a general term for a group of seedless nonvascular plants (e.g. mosses, liverworts, or hornworts)

double fertilization

process where the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the embryo sac. Sperm #1 joins with egg to become a zygote (2n), sperm #2 joins with 2 polar nuclei to become triploid (3n) endosperm.

fruit

The ripened/enlarged ovary of an angiosperm that surrounds seed(s). Often used for protection and dispersal

gymnosperms

Seed plant that produces seeds without endosperm, flowers, or fruit. "naked seed plant"

lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid (this is what enables trees to get so tall)

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. The 2 resulting daughter cells are identical to each other and the original cell.

primary producer

An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism that makes carbon available to consumers (herbivores and the carnivores that eat them)

sporopollenin

compound that protects plants in a harsh terrestrial environment - coats spores and pollen

triploid

tissue with 3 sets of chromosomes (3n)

archegonia

Female gametangia (protected reproductive parts) of a seedless nonvascular plant (e.g. moss) that produce eggs

carpel

female reproductive organs of a flower (stigma, style, and ovary)

gametangia

protected region in which gametes and zygotes develop and which prevents drying out (in mosses and ferns)

haploid

cells (or an entire organism) that have one copy of each of their chromosomes. abbreviated 1n

petals

flower parts that are colorful to attract pollinators

stamen

Male part of the flower; made up of an anther and a filament.

secondary metabolites

organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of plants- these often have bioactivity in animals (and are often used as medicines - e.g. salicylic acid produced by willows is the active ingredient in aspirin)

monecious plants

plants that have both male and female structures in the same plant (flower)

dioescious plant

Each plant has either male or female flowers (not both)

perfect flowers

flowers that contain both male and female parts (stamens and carpels)

imperfect flower

A unisexual flower missing either stamens or carpels.

monocot

An angiosperm that has only one seed leaf.

dicot

angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings

mychorrhizal fungi

fungi that live with plant roots - increasing the absorption of minerals and water from the soil, receiving sugars from the plant roots (mutualism)

basidospore

spore formed in club fungi (basidomycetes) - product of meiosis from the diploid hyphae that form the "mushroom".. genetically diverse

dimorphic fungi

may grow as hyphae or yeast - these fungi are often associated with disease in humans

extracellular digestion

system where mycelium cells will secrete digestive enzymes from cells; enzymes chemically breakdown organic matter outside hyphae cells. (fungi are heterotrophs, so they need to eat some way!)

lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid (fungi are one of the only things that can break this down)

saprophytes

organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter. (This matches with their role as decomposers )

Ascomycete

Member of a group of fungi characterized by saclike structure called an ascus (sac) that produce 8 diverse spores in sexual reproduction. Most of its hyphae are dikaryotic

carbon cycle

The circulation of carbon from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide) into organisms (photosynthesis/fixation) and back again (decomposition)

commensal

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

zygospore

the thick-walled resting cell of certain fungi , arising from the fusion of two hyphae (sexual reproduction in the zygomycota)

heterokaryotic

A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different nuclei in the same cell.

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

spore

haploid cell that is able to grow into a new organism (fungi and plants both produce these -same name, different structures)

ascospore

genetically diverse haploid spore produced by meiosis in an ascomycete

cellulose

carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of plants

conidia

fungal spores that are made asexually (genetically identical/very similar)

septate

fungi that have hyphae with cross walls

coenocytic

fungi that have hyphae that contain no cross-walls and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei (no dikaryon stage possible because there are no cross-walls)

parasitic

relationship where some organisms live at the expense of others (one benefits/one harmed)

soredia

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae - this is the reproductive structure of lichens

Basidomycetes

include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi - produce gilled mushrooms (like the ones on pizza) and make 4 spores via meiosis when sexually reproducing

chitin

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

decomposer

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter (returns organic molecules to their inorganic state)

yeasts

single-celled fungi that reproduce by budding

mold

a type of fungus that consists of chains of cells and appears as a fuzzy mass of thin filaments in culture (asexual reproduction)

mycelium

densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

plasmogamy

The fusion of the cytoplasm of hyphae (+ and -) that differ in the pheromone signals they send out. Forms a dikaryon/heterokaryon (1n + 1n)

karyogamy

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid (2n) nucleus. Occurs in many fungi after a brief (or not so brief) dikaryotic (1n +1n) state.

zygomycetes

Member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by the formation of a sturdy diploid structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction (fusion of + and - haploid hyphae). Coenocytic hyphae. Examples include bread molds