Worlds together, worlds apart Chapter 6-whole
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89 Terms
In August 324 BCE, the Macedonian troops of whose leader declared their desire to stop their conquest?
Alexander the Great.
Where did Silk Road get its name?
From the large quantities of silk passing along it
An empire conquered by Alexander and subjected to Greek rule.
Persian Empire
Who became a universal figure that connects distant cultures?
Alexander the Great.
What caused the massive economic expansion in the Mediterranean?
Alexander's retribution of Persian wealth.
Powerful families' control over whole kingdoms led to what?
Women's great power.
What has replaced diplomacy amid the fierce competition between the kingdoms?
Fighting has replaced diplomacy.
Was Hellenism successful in spreading across Afro-Eurasia with its culture and disciplines?
Yes.
What happened to the political style of leadership?
It became distant and godlike larger-than-life figures.
Hellenism reshaping long-established religions focused on what?
Salvation.
What became the engine of the Hellenistic economy?
Plantation slavery
Who sold their people to pay for goods?
Celtic chieftains.
The large trade of metals to the Mediterranean from Southeast Asia led to what?
The lowering of gold's price.
Minted coins were used in trading where?
In the whole Mediterranean lands.
What influence increased the communication and exchange in Carthage and spread even farther across Afro-Eurasia?
Hellenism.
Hellenism and Buddhism spread across South Asia due to what?
Tighter political organization
Alexander was not able to reach which kingdom due to its large armies and elephants?
Magadha kingdom
Who rose to economic strength and military skill in the political vacuum by the Greek withdrawal?
Chandragupta Maurya.
He observed the Mauryan court and wrote the book Indica.
Megathenes
Asoka declared to rule with tolerance and respect, called dhamma.
Kalinga Edict.
The empire built by Asoka did not last after his death on _.
231 BCE
The roads of the Roman Empire are known for their _.
construction quality and extent.
Why did the Qin dynasty build a road system?
To unify its empire.
Who built the Greek garrison towns that grew into Hellenistic centers?
Alexander and Nicator.
The Hellenistic kingdom that established a strong state including Gandhara.
Bactria
Bactria acted as a bridge between _.
The Greek Mediterranean and South Asia.
The Yavana/Hellenistic king who mingled the Greek and Indian influences.
Menander.
Mahayana Buddhism is a combination of Buddhism and what other influences?
Nomadic, Hellenistic, and Persian
Art that reflected a spiritual system appealing to diverse cultural backgrounds.
Buddhist art.
During the 1st century BCE, what created a closer connection in the Afro-Eurasian worlds?
Trade routes by roads and sea.
The nomadic group that became the most powerful nomadic society due to their bronze technology.
Xiongnu pastoralists.
What followed the waning of the Xiongnu power in 50 CE?
A new empire from the Kushans rose.
The most splendid caravan city in its time.
The Nabatean capital at Petra.
They linked the Mediterranean with the roads that traversed Afro-Eurasia.
The caravan cities.
The silks from China were a very valuable product and was used as a tool in what political aspect?
Diplomacy.
It was also used as a durable writing material.
Silk.
After 300 BCE, what caused the economic life in China to focus on independent farmers.
The reforms in the Warring States period.
The main reason why Buddhism was not established on the Iranian plateau and the Mediterranean.
Zoroastrianism.
Who were the main risk-takers who used different techniques in navigation and ships to expand their trade via the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea?
The Arabs.
Trade by ships increased following the spread of what influence?
Hellenism.
Arab seafarers linked India, East Asia, and Southeast Asia to what places?
The Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean.
A book containing the mariners' accumulated knowledge about sailing.
A periplus.
What served as a transitory phase that had a huge influence on the societies that developed thereafter?
Alexander's conquest.
They fought against Hellenism while the Romans and Carthaginians took a new culture from Hellenism that they liked.
The Jews
In South Asia, what rose after Alexander's conquest?
The Mauryan Empire.
Alexander died at what age?
Thirty-two.
What linked the diverse population of the Afro-Eurasian lands?
Hellenism and Buddhism.
The foundations for widespread cultural systems.
Long-distance trade and imperial conquests.
What did Alexander's Macedonian armed campaigns spread?
Hellenistic culture.
Cause of the collapse of Alexander's regime.
His death.
Which Hellenistic states stood out?
The Seleucid Empire, Macedonia, and Egypt.
What did the broad kingdom wars between Alexander's successors achieve?
They achieved nothing.
What was Hellenism's core element?
The common language called Koine.
Alexandria, a cosmopolitan and multiethnic city, was built by who?
Immigrants.
What Hellenistic culture had a wider audience to appeal to?
Hellenistic entertainment.
Outcomes of Hellenistic religion and philosophy.
Cynicism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism.
Elites from the eastern and western Mediterranean adopted which culture?
The new high Greek culture.
What exposed Meroe and Axum to Hellenistic influences and the Mediterranean world?
Their Egyptian interactions.
Who headed the armed revolt of the Jews against Hellenism's art, gymnasia, language, music, nudity, and secularism?
The Maccabees.
Why did Roman elites welcome Hellenism?
To appear "civilized."
What important Hellenistic culture did the Carthaginian culture adopted?
Hellenistic philosophy, political theory, and design.
What resulted from the arrival of Alexander the Great in the Indus Valley?
The Mauryan Empire.
The Mauryan Empire was one of Asia's first empire and model for what other empire?
Indian empire.
He invaded the Mauryan territory but did not succeed due to Chandragupta's defenses.
Seleucid king Seleucus Nicator
He led the conquest of Kalinga.
King Asoka
How did Asoka uphold the ideals of dhamma?
By issuing decrees and edicts carved on stone pillars and boulders.
They are highly studied by historians since they provide insights on important aspects of an empire such as trade, migration, and the spread of ideas.
Roads
The construction of "great" and "royal" roads in the Persian Empire overcame which problems?
Long-distance communication.
The word mile came from which Roman word?
"milia passuum"
The road systems of Qin and Han are comparable in magnitude and scale to which roads?
Persian and Roman roads
Seleucus Nicator continued Alexander's campaign and built more _ in Asia.
garrison towns
One suspected center of the Bactrian state.
Ai Khanoum on Oxus River.
Who blended Hellenism with their religious traditions?
People in South Asia.
Who helped Buddhism flourish and build monastic complexes for the monks?
The Kushans.
Enlightened demigods prepared to attain nirvana.
Bodhisattvas.
He wrote a fictive version of Buddha's life which spread rapidly in India.
Asvaghosa.
The Gandhara Buddhist art style showed what combination of foreign influences?
Greek and Roman influences.
Difference between Buddha's sculpture and the bodhisattvas.
Buddha's sculpture wore no decorations while the bodhisattvas were dressed like princes.
The long-distance exchanges in the Afro-Eurasian worlds changed its _.
political geography
Commercial hubs and urban centers built by the nomads as they moved southwestward.
Caravan cities.
A caravan city that gained importance after Petra's decline in the Roman period.
Palmyra
Who had a great marble city in the desert with great infrastructures such as a colonnade, temples, senate house, hostels, and offices?
The Palmyrans.
What brought great wealth to the Chinese economy?
Chinese silks.
Aside from silk, China became an export center for what products?
Linen, hemp, lacquer, metals from Sichuan, and jade from the northwest.
Difference between China and the caravan cities of Petra and Palmyra.
China did not have major ports.
The major expanding faith in the 1st century CE.
Buddhism
The large ships used by the Arab sailors.
Dhows.
What has Hellenism offered that linked cultures, trades, and institutions?
A common language.
What assisted the spread of Buddhism and commerce?
The political integration in Afro-Eurasia.