EXR 324 (Test 1)

Test 1

Kinesiology

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

Evidence-based Practice

A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying on current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer-reviewed research), and prioritizing client values and experiences.

Obesity

A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.

OPT Model Levels

1- Stabilization

2-Strength

3- Power

OPT Model Phases

1- Stabilization endurance

2- Strength endurance

3- Muscular development

4- Maximal Strength

5- Power

Musculoskeletal system

The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bone in the body.

Deconditioned

A state of loss physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.

Overweight

A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9

Muscle imbalance

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

Joint stability

The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement.

Socioeconomic status

The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.

Morbidity

A state of having a disease.

Mortality

A state or a risk of death or dying.

Homeostasis

The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium.

Risk factor

Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

Cholesterol

A waxy, fatlike substance found in bodily cells.

BMI classification

Less than 18.5 (underweight)

18.5-24.9 (healthy weight)

25.0-29.9 (overweight)

30.0-34.9 (obese)

35.0-39.9 (obesity 2)

Greater than 40 (obesity 3)

Stroke

A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel.

Heart attack

When an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; myocardial infarction.

Heart failure

The heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Heart valve problem

One or more heart valves don’t function properly; shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body.

Arrythmia

A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat.

Ischemic heart disease

narrowing of coronary artery

Atherosclerosis

Plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.

Physical Activity

Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure, with many modes and intensities. Movement is not structed exercise such as recreational pursuits.

Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure.

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

Pressure in arteries when the heart is contracting (top #)

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

Pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest (bottom #)

Low density cholesterol (LDL)

Bad cholesterol

High density cholesterol (HDL)

Good cholesterol

Diabetes

chronic metabolic disorder, insulin deficiency

Glucose

Simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy

Insulin resistance

Inability of the cells to respond to insulin (type 2 diabetes)

Cancer

Group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Progressive lung diseases; emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory asthma.

Endorphins

Hormones secreted by the brain, reducing perception of pain

Skeletal muscle

Muscle tissue that connected to bone and generates forces that create movement.

Sprain

Stretching or tearing of ligaments

Plantar fasciitis

Inflammation of the fibrous tissue(plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain

Patellar tendonitis

An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella to the tibia

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee

Shoulder impingement syndrome

Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder

Psychology

An area of science that focuses on people, and in particular, how the mind and feelings may influence behaviors

Adherence

level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action

Motivation

Intensity and direction of someone’s effort to participate in an activity or engage in a behavior

Amotivation

When someone isn’t motivated to engage in an activity or behavior

Extrinsic motivation

When someone participates in an activity or behavior for some type of rewards or recognition from others

Intrinsic motivation

When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction

Outcome goals

Goals focused on the end result

Process goals

Refers to the process of goal pursuit

Social support

Intentional ways that people assist others in achieving a specific behavior

Social physique anxiety

Specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique

Ambivalence

Describe a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation

Instrumental support

Actions that directly facilitate a behavior to happen

Emotional support

Encouragement and positive reinforcement that is provided from an individual to another

Empathy

Ability to identify with another person’s feelings, attitudes, or thoughts

Sympathy

Pity and feeling sorry for someone else

Informational support

Providing accurate, current, and informative information

Companionship support

Someone engages in a behavior with an individual

Self-esteem

The way someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially

Body image

The way someone views their physical self or visualizes their body

Sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which a person’s beathing repeatedly stops and starts, which disrupts the body’s natural sleep cycle

Autonomy

Acting in accordance with how one wants to behave

Third space

A communal space, separate from home or work, where the client experiences their own sense of identity and relationship to others

Behavior change techniques (BCTs)

Client interventions that are used to change some determinant of behavior

Self-efficacy

One’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance, also known as self-confidence

self-monitoring

Observing, measuring, and evaluating one’s own behavior, often in the form of a diary or log

Determinants of behavior

Refers to the psychological, social, or environmental factors that influence behavior

Intention

A construct that captures motivational factors that influences behaviors. Indicates how hard people are willing to try and how much effort they are planning to exert

Self-determination theory

Broad theoretical framework for the study of human motivation

Autonomous motivation

When motives for exercise relate to valuing the outcome, when exercise is consistent with the client’s identity, or when the client enjoys exercise

Planning

A concrete representation of when and where exercise will occur

Attitudes

Degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest

Outcome expectations

Expected positive and negative consequences of a behavior

Stress

State of mental or emotional tension from demanding circumstances

Perceived behavioral control

Evaluation of whether one has the means, resources, and opportunities to perform a behavior

Affective judgement

Referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment

Subjective norms

Belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior

Stages of change model

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, Maintenace

Precontemplation

Client doesn’t exercise and is not planning to start within 6 months

Contemplation

When a person is thinking about implementing change but has not yet take any steps to get started; may take action within the next 6 months

Preparation

Client intends to act in the near future, usually within the next month

Action

Client has made specific modifications, within the past 6 months

Maintenance

Client has been working for more than 6 months, and is working to prevent relapse

Decisional balance

Reflects the clients’ weighing on the pros and cons of changing

Rapport

Relationship in which 2 people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well

Reflective listening

Process of seeking to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly

Active listening

Listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying

Closed-ended questions

Directive questions that can be answered with one word, yes or no

Open-ended questions

Nondirective questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no; require critical thinking

Collecting summaries

Short sentences that continue the client’s thoughts and add momentum to the conversation

Linking summaries

Summaries that ties together information the client has presented, perhaps even from previous sessions

Transitional summaries

Summaries used to wrap up a session or announce a shift in focus

Affirmations

Positive statements about character strenghts

Motivational Interviewing

Client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence

Self-discrepancy

Internal conflict that occurs when an individual compares their actual self with their ideal self

Sustain talk

Talk the represents and predicts movement away from change

Change talk

Talk that reflects movement of the person toward behavior change

Smart goals

specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, timely