AP Bio: Energy + Genetics

ATP

ATP

energy source for organisms and easily transferred to do cellular work, formed from protons moving doen concentration gradient

ATP and NADPH

produced during the light reaction and required to run the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis

Energy

is lost as HEAT when light is converted to chemical energy

Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle)

where the carbon that makes up organic material comes from

lactic acid fermentation

the breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product and muscle pains

Inner membrane of of mitochondria

has proteins that create a hydrogen concentration between the inner space and matrix

Light reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH AND SPLIT WATER

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis that incorporate CO2 into organic molecules

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

crossing over

occurs during meiosis & leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes

Glycolysis

occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, AFTER GLYCOLYSIS, where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Crossing over occurs during

prophase I of meiosis I

ATP synthase

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Calvin Cycle

Light independant cycle that spins twice to form one complete glucose incorporates CO2 into organic molecules

Crossing over

creates more variation in an organism

haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

sperm and egg cells

both contribute a haploid component of chromosomes

Meiosis

produces 4 haploid cells in TWO divisions genetically different from parent, gametes are NOT identical

Mitosis

produces 2 diploid daughter cells in ONE DIVISION

Pedigree

A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

autosomal recessive

inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome, can skip a generation

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, 1-22 on karyotype

Karyotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

sex-linked traits

traits that are inherited with sex chromosomes, look for half shaded females and shaded males

mitochondrial matrix

the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion where Krebs cycle occurs

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate in anaphase, can occur in sex cells

Anaphase I (Meiosis)

Homologous chromosomes separate

maternal Mitochondrial DNA

DNA found in the mitochondria that is inherited only through mothers

environmental factors

cause changes in gene expression resulting in variation

Meiosis

results in offspring genetically different from parent

recessive

trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome

Environmental factors

cause change in gene expression, result in variation

Huntington's disease

Autosomal Dominant disorder causing progressive deterioration of brain cells, symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30.

Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes

results in indivdiuals with extra or missing copies of the X and/or Y chromosomes

photosynthetic prokaryotes

were responsible for the earths atmosphere by light reactions that split water into H ions and oxygen

light dependent reactions

release oxygen as a byproduct of oxidation reduction

Calvin cycle

light independent reaction in photosynthesis that incorporates CO2 into organic molecules