History Midterm

Massive call for reform of the corrupt church

Context of the Middle Ages on the eve of the reformation

Four reformations

Magisterial, radical, catholic, and counter

Magisterial Reformation

(Protestant reformation) Natural churches break or are forced out from communion with the Church of Rome

Radical Reformation

(Anabaptist Reformation) focuses on going back to the New Testament and starting again; deny infant baptism

Catholic Reformation

Catholic reform of their own church

The crusades; they were given to those who had done a great work for the church.

What indulgences were originally tied to

Result of Luther's spiritual battles coming to a head while he was in a thunderstorm

Luther promised St. Anne he would become a monk if he survived because of this

Luther's spiritual fear

A holy God could not accept him since he was a sinner

Luther's prince, Fredrick the Wise

Used his influence and political influence connections to keep Luther's trial in Germany

Katherine von Bora

Luther's wife, raised to be a nun but ran away to Luthur's teachings. Luther called her "my rib"

Antisemitism

Luther was prejudiced against Jews. He even wrote a book about it called "On the Jews and Their Lies"

How Christians should think of history

a story God uses to move mankind towards his end goal of fellowship with him

Penance

indulgences are connected to this catholic doctrine

Luther's family was middle class

His father bought a copper mine that became a successful business

Lawyer

What Luther's father wanted him to be

Luther wrote books like " Babylonian Captivity of the Church" that were speaking against the papacy

Results in the pope commanding Luther to deny his writings or his books would be burned

Charles V

Declared Martin Luther a heretic at Worms

Translates green New Testament into German

What Luther does while he was in exile in the castle of Wartburg

Charles V HRE

Most powerful man in Christian Europe on the eve of the reformation

Alien righteousness

the righteousness of Christ that is imputed to sinful humans from outside of themselves. They are declared righteous, but the righteousness belongs to Christ alone

Proper righteousness

Righteousness that comes after being transformed by Christ

October 31, 1517

Date that Luther nailed the 95 Thesis to the door of the Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany.

Luther's Study of psalm 22 helped him understand God hadn't left him without hope

He realized he didn't have to be perfect because he couldn't be, and only could be through Christ who had died for him.

Henry VII divorced Catherine of Aragon

She failed to produce a male heir for him

English monarch Mary I

remained catholic during the English reformation and tried to return the church to the catholic faith

Leviticus 20:21

The verse Henry used to justify divorcing Catherine of Aragon because she had been married to his brother

Arthur Tudor

Henry Tudor's oldest son; marries Catherine of Aragon; forms alliance between England and Spain; dies before having children

Tudor Dynasty

dynasty that ruled England as a result of the War of the Roses

Edward VI Protestant reforms

What Elizabeth returns the English church back to

Thomas Cranmer

Allowed to reform the English church under Edward VI

Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth had to exile this cousin to end the internal threat of catholic take over

Goals of the Pilgrimage of Grace

to end the dissolution of the monasteries and other Catholic traditions and ultimately restore the English church to Rome

The defender of the Catholic Faith

Title given to Henry the VIII by the pope

Elizabeth, Mary, and Edward

Three children of Henry VIII that became English rulers

The Book of Common Prayer

writings became the foundation of the English churches during the reformation

Catholicism

What religion Henry VIII was devoted to

England's victory over the Spanish

Ended foreign attempts to reinstate the Catholic Churches influence in England's politics and church

One of the ways Henry VIII reformed the English church

He gave the king the power to control the church, and made it ok to get divorced. Aside from this the church remained fairly unchanged

How Mary failed to reform the Church of England back to Protestantism

The people didn't really like Catholicism; she lost their respect by marrying Philip I of Spain; she never killed Elizabeth who was Protestant and next in line for the throne

Why Henry divorced Catherine of Aragon and why the church rejected it

He wanted a male heir and Catherine was unable to provide him with one; Catherine was the Aunt of Charles V HRE which gave the pope reason to reject Henry's request.

France

John Calvin birthplace

Unmarked grave in Geneva Switzerland

Where Calvin was buried

They asked him to come back to take over the church

Genevans kicked Calvin out of the church, but did this a few years after

Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin all grew up middle class

Resulted in them being educated at university and receiving benefits of humanistic learning

Chaplain for Swiss mercenaries

What Zwingli did after being ordained to the priesthood

Law

Calvin and Luther's fathers wanted them both to study this at university

Finished law school

Calvin did this unlike Luther

Two things Calvin did in 1535 that were results of a conversation he had

Gave back Benefices to the Catholic Church and wrote the first edition of the "Institutes"

Sets Calvin apart form Luther and Zwingli

He was never ordained as a priest

Why Calvin and Farel were expelled from Geneva

The Genoese didn't like Frenchman telling them what to do

Came to Geneva after escaping prison while awaiting execution

What the heretic Michael Servetus did even after being warned by Calvin

How Zwingli died

Killed on the battle field outside of Zurich defending the city against Catholics

Zwingli preached the whole New Testament in successive order

What Zwingli did instead of following liturgical readings for his preaching texts

Marian Exiles

Protestants that fled England fearing persecution under Bloody Marry

Why Calvin had to flee France because of Nicholas Cops

He wrote Cops sermon notes which were condemned as heretical.

Fourfold Church offices

Ecclesiastical system

Pastors and elders of the fourfold offices

Helped spread the word; helped the church

Teachers and doctors of the fourfold offices

Taught at the Genevan school

Higher up elders in the fourfold offices

Dealt with spiritual issues

Deacons of the fourfold offices

In charge of helping the poor or needy

Sausage Supper incident

Zwingli cooked sausages on lent; wrote a sermon disputing Catholic Church fasting; results in Zwingli writing and sending disputations to the bishop

Francis I

Who Calvin addressed his preface of the institutes

Parish priest at the castle church in Wittenberg

Luther did this In addition to his theological studies and teaching responsibilities

A Latin commentary of Senecas de clemencia

Calvin's first book that was a failure and sold few copies

Calvin's influence

Largely through writings suck as his institutes of Christian religion

Anabaptists

Only baptize people who are able to make a profession of their faith; excludes infant baptism

Anabaptist persecution

Done by both Catholics and Protestants

Menno Simons

parish priest; knew nothing of anabaptists until he witnessed to one who was executed; began studying the issue and reading the Bible to discover what it said about baptism

Menno Simons was not highly educated

He received only basic training as a parish priest

Henry VIII attempt to continue the Tudor line failed

England didn't break from the Church of Rome and none of his children had children

According to the Council of Trent

justification was a lifelong reality you worked towards

The peace of Augsburg established this principle

Whoever the ruler of the country/ region was allowed to determine what religion the area would be ( cuius regio, eius religio)

Should be understood as a revelation of God in Christ

What the council of Trent said about scripture and tradition

Translation of the Bible to German

One of Luther's most long lasting contributions

Luther was secretly taken to the castle at wartburg for his protection

This happened after his heresy trial at the diet of worms

At the Diet of Worms in 1521

Luther was condemned as a heretic and declared an outlaw; he refused to recant his writings unless shown scriptural evidence he was wrong

Burn the papal command know as a bull

Luther's response to the papal command to stop writing and recant his writings or his books would be burned

Geneva Switzerland

Even though he was born and raised in France Calvin us most associated with this place

Bloody Mary

Even though Cranmer granted Henry's divorce if Catherine, he was eventually executed by this person.

Jesuits are part of the counter reformation

react against Protestant inroads in Europe; help educate the faithful; swear allegiance to the pope

Absenteeism

Bishops or priests not living in their dioceses or parishes

Simony

The selling of church offices

On the Jews and their lies

Anti semitic book written by Luther

Conrad Grable and George Blaurock

Co founders of the anabaptism

Act of supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Jan van Leyden and "New Jerusalem"

Dutch anabaptist leader who moved to Münster Germany in the hopes of turning it into a "New Jerusalem"

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus or jesuits whose mission was to submit themselves to the pope, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Why the city of Trent was picked to host the Council of Trent

It was called by Charles V HRE and pope Paul III. They both wanted the council to meet in their domain and had to compromise by having it in italy by the edge of Charles domain

Why we call Paul III a reform pope even though he was corrupt

He encourage the beginning of the reformation movement; encourages jesuits

The Ban

important role in the history of the Mennonites. It is the term used to indicate either exclusion from communion or exclusion from membership of the church

Michael Servetus

among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.

Broke out of prison to find Calvin and was arrested

Puratins

wanted to purify the Church of England by reforming the reformation

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation

Henrietta Maria

Charles I Catholic and French wife that made Puratins and parliament think Charles was secretly catholic

Charles I disbanded short parliament

short parliament wanted to address reform in exchange for raising taxes to fund his army to deal with the scots

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads in the English Civil War; declared lord protectorate after Charles I death

Charles II

Who the throne was offered to after cromwells death

French wars of religion were not only about religion

The French wars of religion were also political battles between powerful leaders and families who used religion to justify their actions

Much of the bourgeoisie

This Part of the growing french middle class were converts to Protestantism