Global Cities - Ch 2

qualities typical in high GDP countries

lots of employment, particularly in the Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Sectors; every transaction is recorded; lots of economic activity

qualities typical in low GDP countries

most employment in agriculture (Primary Sector); not every transaction is recorded; people (particularly farmers) consume what they produce rather than sell it

Global Division of Labor

the global distribution of employment and service provision based on wage rates and environmental regulations

labor intensive products

products whose value mostly comes from the labor of the people assembling them; tend to be made in places where wage rates are low

examples of labor intensive products

apparel; shoes

Multi-national Corporations (MNCs)

companies that operate, sell, and manufacture products worldwide (ex: Tommy Hilfiger, Adidas, Nike, Polo)

North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) (NAFTA)

no taxes or tariffs on the movement of goods between Mexico, U.S.A., and Canada; (updated with USMCA in 2021)

offshoring

employing people in service industries in other parts of the world to minimize costs

population pyramids

show the age structure of a population; can indicate a country’s growth stage

causes for human population growth

agricultural revolution (food surpluses); industrial revolution (urbanization and other surpluses)

Agricultural Revolution

domestication of plants (intentional farming) and animals (livestock); surpluses of food

results of the Agricultural Revolution

humans begin living together in settlements; food surpluses allow for more free time, allowing for innovation and division of labor (inventions, advancing ideas, development of law and religion)

common elements of early Agricultural Revolution locations

access to fresh water; fertile soil; mild climate with a longer growing season; sufficient precipitation; (typically floodplains areas)

early civilizations

floodplains of Mesopotamia and the Nile

timeframe of Agricultural Revolution

3500-3200 BCE

Industrial Revolution

increasing the productivity of human labor through increased mechanization (machines)

results of the Industrial Revolution

once again drastically changed how humans lived (urbanization); surpluses of food, many goods, and commodities

driving factors/key elements of the Industrial Revolution

human discoveries and innovations regarding energy sources: water (water wheels), coal, oil, etc.; rapid technological advancements with energy sources and raw materials (new machinery and methods developed for those)

beginning location of Industrial Revolution

Great Britain in the 18th century

timeline of Industrial Revolution machinery

coal → steam power → drives engines → drives machines

common elements of early industrialized areas

near coal (it is very heavy to transport)

significant Industrial Revolution inventions

cotton gin (quicker cotton processing; important for cotton from the colonies to G.B.); steam locomotives and steamboats (moving people and goods faster)

electric machinery timeline

electric generators and motors → conversion of electrical energy ←→ mechanical energy (streetcars and cable cars)

factory system

energy source and machinery for manufacturing implemented in large facilities → thousands of workers go to the facilities

results of the factory system

rapid urbanization (workers would go to the facilities → live nearby the facilities → families also live nearby → need amenities and commodities like schools, stores, hospitals, etc. → accelerated growth of cities); societal changes like new class structures

timeframe for most urban growth/urbanization

1750-1800

timeframe of the Industrial Revolution

Began in 1700s CE → kicked off from G.B. in 1840s → diffused across Europe throughout the 1800s

Post-Industrial

parts of the world have been industrialized and now have high wage rates and high level technology systems that have transformed their economies; jobs are not all reliant on coal + oil; manufacturing still occurs but with higher pay

fastest growing U.S. cities (past 20 years)

Phoenix and Las Vegas (both of which have nothing to do with coal or oil)

locations of rapid urbanization can…

change over time for various reasons

Borchert’s Model of Metropolitan (Urban) Evolution

predicting where cities will grow based on main mode of transport; explains the expansion of the American (+other) urban systems based on dominant form of transport

Epoch

time period

Borchert’s 1: Sail-Wagon Epoch (prior to 1830)

trans-Atlantic trade with England made coastal cities significant (port locations); overland and waterway transportation (navigable rivers and canals)

leading cities

significant cities; fast-growing cities; like mini-world cities

Borchert’s 2: Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)

American rail system → inland places begin to expand (Chicago and Pittsburgh)

Borchert’s 3: Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)

lots of highly populated cities with main specializations (ex: Pittsburgh and steel, Rochester and automobiles/parts)

Borchert’s 4: Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)

government subsidized interstate highways; big car era

Borchert’s 5: Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch (1970s-present)

an incorrect prediction; incorrect due to the development of the internet and remote work

Adams’ Model/Intraurban Model (1970)

deals with individual cities (not urbanization as it occurs nationally)

Adams’ Era 1: pre-1880: Walking and Horsecar Era

dense urban form; compact pedestrian city (narrow streets)

Adams’ Era 2: 1880-1920: Electric Streetcar Era

development along electric streetcar corridors; aerial view looks like a starfish or ameoba

Adams’ Era 3: 1920-1945: Recreational Automobile Era

outer metro ring is more accessible due to spread of cars; gaps between ameoba’s pseudopods fill in and city becomes circular-ish

Adams’ Era 4: 1995-present: Freeway Era

suburbanizing due to more cars and highways; developments around beltways → city sprawl and spread (ex: Washington D.C. Area)

zoning

when land is divided up by use

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)

urban land use is organized around the central business district in concentric rings (land use changes with expansion); based on a Chicago study (1880-1920)

Central Business District (CBD)

original core of the city which contains major businesses and economic activity; offices, hotels, restaurants, theaters, banks, etc

Concentric Zone 1

CBD

Concentric Zone 2:

Transition Zone: businesses and light manufacturing

Concentric Zone 3:

Residential: places to live for workers of zone 2 industries who want to live close

Sector Model (Hoyt 1939)

developed sectors along major transportation routes

Sector 1

CBD

Sector 2

Industry and industrial working class residential

Sector 3

Lower-class residential (with apartments, smaller homes, and higher densities)

Sector 4

Middle-class residential (larger single-family homes and decreasing densities)

Sector 5

Wealthy and affluent (furthest from CBD; large houses; along corridor that goes from CBD → city edge with best housing)

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris and Ullman 1970)

multiple CBDs due to increased mobility provided by cars; all kinds of growth may occur around these multiple nuclei

multiple urban centers

city’s CBS and suburban ‘CBDs’; located at places that are well connected by major roads (where highways/beltways intersect)

M.N. Zone 1

CBD

M.N. Zone 2

Wholesale; light manufacturing

M.N. Zone 3

Low-class residential

M.N. Zone 4

Middle-class residential

M.N. Zone 5

Highest-class residential

M.N. Zone 6

Heavy manufacturing

M.N. Zone 7

Outlying business district

M.N. Zone 8

Suburban residential suburb

M.N. Zone 9

Industrial suburb

freeway era

1945-present

secondary cause for the multiple nuclei

people generally do not want to commute more than 40mins