BACTERIOLOGY MOTHERNOTES

Transduction

Transfer of genes by a bacteriophage

Lytic cycle

Immediate lysis of cell and release of progeny virus

Lysogenic cycle

Nuclear material incorporates into the host DNA; May become dormant, then excised later on and enter the lytic cyle

Generalized Transduction

Phage can carry any part of the DNA

Generalized Transduction

Transduction that usually happens in the lytic cycle

Specialized transduction

Phage carries specific parts of the DNA

Specialized transduction

Transduction that usually happens in the lysogenic cycle

Transformation

Uptake of DNA in the environment by a COMPETENT bacterial cell

Conjugation

Transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient cell via the sex pilus

Pathogen

Part of the chain of infection that include Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

Reservoir

Part of the chain of infection that include People, Animals, Soil, Food, Water

Portal of Exit

Part of the chain of infection that include Coughing/Sneezing, Body secretions, feces

Mode of Transmission

Part of the chain of infection that include Direct Contact, Indirect contact, Vectors

Portal of entry

Part of the chain of infection that include Mouth, Nose, Eyes, Cuts in skin

Susceptible host

Part of the chain of infection that include Elderly, Infants, Immunocompromised, ANYONE

Chain of infection parts

Pathogen

Reservoir

Portal of exit

Mode of transmission

Portal of entry

Susceptible host

Minimal

Risk level in Biosafety level I

Those not known cause disease in healthy adults

Types of agents handled in Biosafety level I

Biosafety level I

Bacillus subtilis Biosafety level

Biosafety level I

Mycobacterium gordonae Biosafety level

Biosafety level I

Serratia marcescens Biosafety level

Biosafety level I

Klebsielia aerogenes Biosafety level

Standard microbiological practices

Requirements in Biosafety level I

Moderate

Risk level in Biosafety level II

Common human pathogens

Types of agents handled in Biosafety level II

Biosafety level II

E. coli Biosafety level

Biosafety level II

Salmonella Biosafety level

Biosafety level II

Toxoplasma gondii Biosafety level

Biosafety level II

influenza Biosafety level

Biosafety level II

HBV Biosafety level

Biosafety level II

HIV Biosafety level

BSC I or Il

PPE

Autoclave

Requirements in Biosafety level II

High

三Risk level in Biosafety level III

Those that cause serious or lethal disease via Inhalation.

Effective treatment available

Types of agents handled in Biosafety level III

Biosafety level III

Bacillus anthracis Biosafety level

Biosafety level III

Francisella biosafety level

Biosafety level III

Brucella Biosafety level

Biosafety level III

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biosafety level

Biosafety level III

mold stages of systemic fungi Biosafety level

BSL2 + negative air flow and sealed windows

Requirements in Biosafety level III

Extreme

Risk level in Biosafety level IV

Biosafety level IV

Ebola virus biosafety level

Biosafety level IV

Lassa virus biosafety level

Those that pose high risk of life-threatening disease

Types of agents handled in Biosafety level IV

BSC III

Positive pressure suit Independent unit with specialized ventilation & waste management

Requirements in Biosafety level IV

Biosafety cabinet Class I

Allow room air to pass into the cabinet and around the area and material within, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

Biosafety cabinet Class I

Only the worker is protected, not the sample

Biosafety cabinet Class II

Sterilize air that flows over the infectious material, as well as air to be exhausted

Biosafety cabinet Class IIA

70% of air is recirculated into the work area

Biosafety cabinet Class IIA

No air is recirculated

Biosafety cabinet Class II

Both the worker and the sample are protected

Biosafety cabinet Class III

Afford the most protection to the worker and the sample

Biosafety cabinet Class III

Air coming into and going out of the cabinet is filter sterilized, and the infectious material within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed to the cabinet

Sterilization

Destruction of all forms of life including spores

Disinfection

Elimination of a defined scope of organisms

Disinfection

Sterilization method that is Applied on inanimate objects

Antisepsis

Steriliation method Performed on living tissue and Does not kill spores

Autoclaving

Boiling

Pasteurization

Methods under moist heat

121 degrees Celsius, 15 psi for 15-30 minutes

Autoclaving settings for broth and solid media

Infectious waste

132 degrees Celsius, 15 psi for 30-60 minutes

Autoclaving settings for Infectious waste

Bacillus stearothermophilus spores

Indicator in autoclaving

Pasteurization

Method Used in the food industry

63 deg. Celsius for 30 minutes

Batch pasteurization settings

72 deg. Celsius for 15 seconds

Flash pasteurization settings

140 deg. Celsius for 3 seconds

Ultra-high Temperature pasteurization:

100 degrees Celsius for 10-15 minutes

Settings for Boiling

Hot air sterilization

Incinderation

Methods that use dry heat

170 deg. Celsius FOR 2 hours

Hot air sterilization settings

Bacillus subtilis spores

Indicator used in hot air sterilization

Incineration

Used in loops and biomedical wastes

0.22 um sized membranes

What size of filtration membrane can be used to sterilize air and liquids

0.01 um

Filtration Membranes with pore sizes ____ of are capable of retaining some viruses

HEPA Filters

capable of removing organisms larger than 0.3 um

lonizing radiation

Type of radiation that use gamma rays (more effective but more dangerous) or electron beams

Nonionizing

Type of radiation that uses Ultraviolet rays

Bacillus pumilus spores

Indicator used in radiation

Alcohol (70-80%):

Chemical that denatures proteins and makes lipids soluble also tuberculocidal

germicidal in 10 minutes

sporicidal in 3-10 hours

A 2% Glutaraldehyde is cold Sterilant and germicidal in _____ and sporicidal in _____

25 to 30

2% glutaraldehyde may be tuberculocidal if used at _____ degrees Celsius

Glutaraldehyde (2%)

Sterilizer of choice of not heat-stable medical equipment

tuberculocidal

Characteristic of Phenol: 5%

0.5% to 1% sodium hypochlorite

it is generally used for disinfection

5.25%

1:10 dilution of a _____concentration of sodium hypochlorite is recommended by CDC for cleaning blood spills

3% - 6% Hydrogen peroxide

active against all vegetative microorganisms, bacterial endospores and fungal spores

Iodophor

lodine + surfactant

Tincture

Iodine + alcohol

Quaternary ammonium compounds:

not sporicidal or tuberculocidal; use is limited to disinfection of benchtops and floors

Ethylene oxide

Used to sterilize materials that can't withstand steam

450 to 700

___mg ethylene oxide per liter of chamber space at 55 to 60 degrees Celsius for 2 hours

Bacillus

Indicator used in ethylene oxide

polyester

plastic

When using swabs, ____ tipped swabs with ___ shafts are generally recommended.

Neisseria

**Cotton is toxic to ____.

Chlamydia

**Wood is toxic to ____.

HSV

SARS-CoV2

*Calcium alginate is toxic to ____ and _____

aspirates

Actual tissue samples

Always use _____ or ____ over swabs whenever possible.

acute phase and before administration of antibiotics.

Obtain during ___ phase and ____ administration of antibiotics.

environmental and normal flora

4. Avoid contamination with _____ and _____.

-clean, nor Sterilo

Stool

dermatophytosis

Use sterile, leak-proof container (except routine ____ sample and fungal samples for _____)

30 minutes

2 hours

Deliver to the laboratory immediately (ideally within _____, preferably within ____ for most specimen) or use holding media (Amies, Stuart's) when delay is expected. Store at correct temperature.

Anaerobic transport media

1) Preservative or Transport Device for ANAEROBES and 2) storage temperature