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Transduction
Transfer of genes by a bacteriophage
Lytic cycle
Immediate lysis of cell and release of progeny virus
Lysogenic cycle
Nuclear material incorporates into the host DNA; May become dormant, then excised later on and enter the lytic cyle
Generalized Transduction
Phage can carry any part of the DNA
Generalized Transduction
Transduction that usually happens in the lytic cycle
Specialized transduction
Phage carries specific parts of the DNA
Specialized transduction
Transduction that usually happens in the lysogenic cycle
Transformation
Uptake of DNA in the environment by a COMPETENT bacterial cell
Conjugation
Transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient cell via the sex pilus
Pathogen
Part of the chain of infection that include Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite
Reservoir
Part of the chain of infection that include People, Animals, Soil, Food, Water
Portal of Exit
Part of the chain of infection that include Coughing/Sneezing, Body secretions, feces
Mode of Transmission
Part of the chain of infection that include Direct Contact, Indirect contact, Vectors
Portal of entry
Part of the chain of infection that include Mouth, Nose, Eyes, Cuts in skin
Susceptible host
Part of the chain of infection that include Elderly, Infants, Immunocompromised, ANYONE
Chain of infection parts
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
Minimal
Risk level in Biosafety level I
Those not known cause disease in healthy adults
Types of agents handled in Biosafety level I
Biosafety level I
Bacillus subtilis Biosafety level
Biosafety level I
Mycobacterium gordonae Biosafety level
Biosafety level I
Serratia marcescens Biosafety level
Biosafety level I
Klebsielia aerogenes Biosafety level
Standard microbiological practices
Requirements in Biosafety level I
Moderate
Risk level in Biosafety level II
Common human pathogens
Types of agents handled in Biosafety level II
Biosafety level II
E. coli Biosafety level
Biosafety level II
Salmonella Biosafety level
Biosafety level II
Toxoplasma gondii Biosafety level
Biosafety level II
influenza Biosafety level
Biosafety level II
HBV Biosafety level
Biosafety level II
HIV Biosafety level
BSC I or Il
PPE
Autoclave
Requirements in Biosafety level II
High
三Risk level in Biosafety level III
Those that cause serious or lethal disease via Inhalation.
Effective treatment available
Types of agents handled in Biosafety level III
Biosafety level III
Bacillus anthracis Biosafety level
Biosafety level III
Francisella biosafety level
Biosafety level III
Brucella Biosafety level
Biosafety level III
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biosafety level
Biosafety level III
mold stages of systemic fungi Biosafety level
BSL2 + negative air flow and sealed windows
Requirements in Biosafety level III
Extreme
Risk level in Biosafety level IV
Biosafety level IV
Ebola virus biosafety level
Biosafety level IV
Lassa virus biosafety level
Those that pose high risk of life-threatening disease
Types of agents handled in Biosafety level IV
BSC III
Positive pressure suit Independent unit with specialized ventilation & waste management
Requirements in Biosafety level IV
Biosafety cabinet Class I
Allow room air to pass into the cabinet and around the area and material within, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted
Biosafety cabinet Class I
Only the worker is protected, not the sample
Biosafety cabinet Class II
Sterilize air that flows over the infectious material, as well as air to be exhausted
Biosafety cabinet Class IIA
70% of air is recirculated into the work area
Biosafety cabinet Class IIA
No air is recirculated
Biosafety cabinet Class II
Both the worker and the sample are protected
Biosafety cabinet Class III
Afford the most protection to the worker and the sample
Biosafety cabinet Class III
Air coming into and going out of the cabinet is filter sterilized, and the infectious material within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed to the cabinet
Sterilization
Destruction of all forms of life including spores
Disinfection
Elimination of a defined scope of organisms
Disinfection
Sterilization method that is Applied on inanimate objects
Antisepsis
Steriliation method Performed on living tissue and Does not kill spores
Autoclaving
Boiling
Pasteurization
Methods under moist heat
121 degrees Celsius, 15 psi for 15-30 minutes
Autoclaving settings for broth and solid media
Infectious waste
132 degrees Celsius, 15 psi for 30-60 minutes
Autoclaving settings for Infectious waste
Bacillus stearothermophilus spores
Indicator in autoclaving
Pasteurization
Method Used in the food industry
63 deg. Celsius for 30 minutes
Batch pasteurization settings
72 deg. Celsius for 15 seconds
Flash pasteurization settings
140 deg. Celsius for 3 seconds
Ultra-high Temperature pasteurization:
100 degrees Celsius for 10-15 minutes
Settings for Boiling
Hot air sterilization
Incinderation
Methods that use dry heat
170 deg. Celsius FOR 2 hours
Hot air sterilization settings
Bacillus subtilis spores
Indicator used in hot air sterilization
Incineration
Used in loops and biomedical wastes
0.22 um sized membranes
What size of filtration membrane can be used to sterilize air and liquids
0.01 um
Filtration Membranes with pore sizes ____ of are capable of retaining some viruses
HEPA Filters
capable of removing organisms larger than 0.3 um
lonizing radiation
Type of radiation that use gamma rays (more effective but more dangerous) or electron beams
Nonionizing
Type of radiation that uses Ultraviolet rays
Bacillus pumilus spores
Indicator used in radiation
Alcohol (70-80%):
Chemical that denatures proteins and makes lipids soluble also tuberculocidal
germicidal in 10 minutes
sporicidal in 3-10 hours
A 2% Glutaraldehyde is cold Sterilant and germicidal in _____ and sporicidal in _____
25 to 30
2% glutaraldehyde may be tuberculocidal if used at _____ degrees Celsius
Glutaraldehyde (2%)
Sterilizer of choice of not heat-stable medical equipment
tuberculocidal
Characteristic of Phenol: 5%
0.5% to 1% sodium hypochlorite
it is generally used for disinfection
5.25%
1:10 dilution of a _____concentration of sodium hypochlorite is recommended by CDC for cleaning blood spills
3% - 6% Hydrogen peroxide
active against all vegetative microorganisms, bacterial endospores and fungal spores
Iodophor
lodine + surfactant
Tincture
Iodine + alcohol
Quaternary ammonium compounds:
not sporicidal or tuberculocidal; use is limited to disinfection of benchtops and floors
Ethylene oxide
Used to sterilize materials that can't withstand steam
450 to 700
___mg ethylene oxide per liter of chamber space at 55 to 60 degrees Celsius for 2 hours
Bacillus
Indicator used in ethylene oxide
polyester
plastic
When using swabs, ____ tipped swabs with ___ shafts are generally recommended.
Neisseria
**Cotton is toxic to ____.
Chlamydia
**Wood is toxic to ____.
HSV
SARS-CoV2
*Calcium alginate is toxic to ____ and _____
aspirates
Actual tissue samples
Always use _____ or ____ over swabs whenever possible.
acute phase and before administration of antibiotics.
Obtain during ___ phase and ____ administration of antibiotics.
environmental and normal flora
4. Avoid contamination with _____ and _____.
-clean, nor Sterilo
Stool
dermatophytosis
Use sterile, leak-proof container (except routine ____ sample and fungal samples for _____)
30 minutes
2 hours
Deliver to the laboratory immediately (ideally within _____, preferably within ____ for most specimen) or use holding media (Amies, Stuart's) when delay is expected. Store at correct temperature.
Anaerobic transport media
1) Preservative or Transport Device for ANAEROBES and 2) storage temperature