Psych Unit 12

abnormal psychology

the study of unsusal patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder

clinical psychology

the branch of psychlogy that assesses, diagnoses, treats, and prevents mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, utilizing various theraputic methods

psychology student syndrome

Psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorder

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)

comprehensive classification system used by mental health professions to diagnose and catergorize mental disorders, providing standard criteria and description for consistant use across clinical settings

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

global standard for reporting and categorizing disease, including mental and behavioral disorders, used by healthcare professionals to diagnose conditons and track health trends worldwide

Deviation

significant departure from accepted social behaviors and cultural expectations used as a criteria to identify and diagnose abnormal behaviors and psychological disorders in clinical settings

distress

intense and prolonged emotional suffering that impairs an individuals ability to function in daily life, often used as a key criteria

dysfunction

the disruption in cognitive, emotional , of behavioral functioning that signitifcantly impairs an individual's ability to preform normal daily activities

stigma

the negative sterotypes and social disapproval directed at individuals with mental disorders, often leading to discrimination and barriers to seekig or recieving mental health

biological perspective

mental disorders are caused by physiological and genetic factors, focusing on how brain function, neurochemistry, and genetics contribute to phychological conditions

Behavioral Perspective

mental disorders arise from maladaptive learned behaviors and associations, focusing on how inappropriate conditioning and reinforcement of behavirs contribute to psychological issues

psychodynamic perspective

mental disorders stem from unresolved unconcious conflicts and impulses, often originating in childhood, that infulence current behavioral and emotional states

humanistic perspective

mental disorders arise when individuals innate potential for self-fufillment and personal growth is blocked, often due to failures in achieving self acceptance and meaningful personal goals

cognitive perspective

mental disorders are caused by maladaptive thought patterns, including dysfunctional beliefs, attitudes, and emotional responses which negatively affect behavior and emotional well-being

evolutionary perspective

mental disorders can arise from behaviors and mental processes that are maladaptive, reducing an individual's chances of survival and reproduction

sociocultural perspective

mental disorders stem from maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics, emphasizing the influence of societal norms and interactions on mental health

electic approach

Combining techniques from multiple theraputic orientationd to tailor treatments to the unique needs of individual clients, enhancing flexabil.ity and effectivness in therapy

biopsychosocial model

psychodynamic disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, emphasizing the comprehensive and interconnected nature of influeneces on mental health

diathesis-stress model

psychological disorders arise from a predisposing genetic vulnerability combined with stressful environmental factors triggering the onset of mental health issues

Anxiety Disorders

characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that lead to significant disturbances in behavior

Specific Phobia

an intense and irrational fear of a specific object or situation, leading to significant distress and avoidance behavior

Acrophobia

an intense and persistent fear of heights, causing significant anxiety and avoidance behavior that can interfere with daily activities and functioning

Arachnophobia

an intense and irrational fear of spiders, leading to excessive anxiety and avoidance behaviors that disrupt normal functioning

Agoraphobia

an intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of places like public spaces or crowds

Panic Disorder

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks; ongoing concern about having additional attacks or their consequences

Ataque de nervios

episodes of intense emotional distress, dramatic expressions of emotion, such as screaming or crying, and sometimes uncontrollable physical symptoms like shaking or feeling as if one is suffocating

Social Anxiety Disorder

significant and persistent fear of social situations where embarrassment or scrutiny may occur, leading to avoidance behaviors and severe anxiety about performing or interacting in certain social contexts

Taijin Kyofusho

an intense fear of offending or embarrassing others through one's bodily functions or appearance, leading to significant social anxiety and avoidance behaviors

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of daily life, accompanied by physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating, which are not tied to any specific cause or event

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that an individual feels driven to perform, typically aimed at reducing anxiety

Hoarding Disorder

persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, due to a perceived need to save them, and distress parting with them

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

persistent mental and emotional stress following exposure to a traumatic event

Depressive Disorders

characterized by a persistent sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by physical and cognitive changes, significantly impairing a person's ability to function in daily activities

Major Depressive Disorder

pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, significantly impacting daily functioning

Persistent Depressive Disorder

chronic, depressed mood lasting for at least two years, with symptoms that are less severe but longer-lasting than those of major depression, affecting daily functioning

Bipolar Disorders

characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression, with bipolar cycling involving shifts between these mood states that can vary in duration and intensity

Bipolar II Disorder

characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, without ever having a full manic episode, leading to significant distress or impairment

Bipolar I Disorder

characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes, causing significant impairment in daily functioning

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

group of disorders that begin in the developmental period, characterized by symptoms that affect behavior, memory, learning, and development, focusing on whether behaviors are appropriate for the person's age or maturity level

Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development, leading to difficulties in maintaining focus, controlling behavior, and staying organized

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, varying widely in severity

Feeding and Eating Disorders

characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food, leading to significant impairment in health or psychological functioning

Anorexia Nervosa

characterized by restricted food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image, leading to significant weight loss and health complications

Bulimia Nervosa

characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain, causing significant physical and psychological distress

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, and can be experienced as either acute or chronic conditions

Schizophrenia

psychological disorder characterized by persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, significantly impairing daily functioning and lasting for at least six months

Positive (+) Symptoms

Additional behaviors or experiences not present in healthy individuals (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking)

Negative (-) Symptoms

Deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functions (affective flattneing, lack of motivation and pleasure)

Delusions

false beliefs strongly held despite clear evidence to the contrary

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences without external stimuli, most commonly involving hearing voices that others do not hear

Disorganized Thinking or Speech

incoherent or nonsensical speech patterns, such as jumping between unrelated topics or using words inappropriately, reflecting disordered thought processes

Disorganized Motor Behavior

abnormal or erratic movements, such as excessive agitation, bizarre postures, significantly impacting daily functioning

Flat Affect

severe reduction in emotional expressiveness, where the individual shows little or no facial expression, voice tone, or emotional reaction

Dopamine Hypothesis

suggests that the disorder is linked to an imbalance of dopamine activity in the brain, with excessive dopamine activity contributing to symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations

Dissociative Disorders

characterized by disruptions or discontinuities in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning

Dissociative Amnesia

involves an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

Dissociative Identity Disorder

characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world, resulting in gaps in memory and a disrupted sense of self

Personality Disorders

enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and lead to significant personal distress or impairment

Cluster A Personality Disorders

characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors and thinking

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Is a mental health condition marked by a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social or intimate relationships, difficulty with expressing emotions, and a preference for a solitary life

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a psychological issue marked by a consistent trend of social and relational shortcomings, unusual actions, and distortions in thinking or perception.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a mental disorder characterized by a chronic behavior of disregarding and violating the rights of others.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of overly emotional and attention-seeking behaviors.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, need for excessive admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. Often exploit others and struggle with insecurities, despite appearing confident.

Borderline Personality Disorder:

a personality disorder characterized by severe mood swings, impulsive behavior, and difficulty forming stable personal relationships.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

characterized by anxious and fearful behaviors, including Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders, which involve patterns of social inhibition, submissiveness, and perfectionism.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by social discomfort and avoidance of interpersonal contact.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by the excessive and pervasive reliance on others for emotional and physical needs.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, leading to significant distress or impairment in functioning