OPERATIONAL CONTROLS

SUPERIOR (TOWARD HEAD)

1

INFERIOR (TOWARD FEET)

2

POSTERIOR

3

ANTERIOR

4

ANTERIOR

1

POSTERIOR

2

RIGHT

3

LEFT

4

Probe Indicator

The “____” on the ultrasound probe can be identified as an orientation marker (ridge, indentation, groove, or nub) on one side of the probe.

Probe Indicator

This corresponds to the indicator or orientation marker on the ultrasound image.

Left Side

What side does the orientation marker located for all standard applications and procedures?

Right Side

What side does the orientation marker located for all cardiac application

KNOBOLOGY

a terminology that describes the manipulation of ultrasound knobs and system controls in order to obtain the best image possible from diagnostic ultrasound

SINGLE OR DUAL WINDOW BUTTON

Other manufacturer it is called: Window 1 and Window 2, Or Right Window or Left Window

TRACKBALL OR TOUCHPAD

Is the mouse of the ultrasound device and the common operating instrument of the screen cursor.

TRACKBALL OR TOUCHPAD

Can be rotated freely in all axis direction.

KEYBOARD

Various capabilities as provided by the manufacturer

DEPTH

controls how much distance into the body the image displays in the far field.

DEPTH

used to adjust the size of the image so that organs and adjacent structures or regions of interest are equally well visualized

Increasing Ultrasound Depth

Decreasing Ultrasound Depth

Magnified

When the depth is decreased, superficial structures will be ______

higher the frame rate

Less depth will have ____

GAIN

Is a knob that adjust the overall UTZ echo signal

Increased

As the gain is ____, the strength of the returning echoes is amplified, which produces a brighter image

Decrease

A _____ in gain will darken the image visualized on the monitor

TIME GAIN COMPENSATION

may be set up as a column of sliding knobs, or may be adjusted with knobs for “near gain” and “far gain

TIME GAIN COMPENSATION

allows selective control of gain at different depths

ZOOM

To magnify the region of interest (ROI)

READ zoom

WRITE zoom

2 types of ZOOM (by manufacturer)

READ zoom

produces the worse kind of images because it relies on stored images which enlarges the pixel density in that region.

WRITE zoom

tries to maintain the pixel density by zooming the image live which produces a better spatial resolution.

READ zoom

WRITE zoom

can produce poorer image depending on the size of the area magnified.

FOCUS

This knob, is system allows the operator to improve lateral resolution in a region of interest by adjusting the focal zone

FOCUS

It can be moved up or down by the operator and should be placed at the region of interest or posterior to that region

focal zone

The ____ normally appears at the lateral side of B mode as a triangular-shaped structure or a dot.

DYNAMIC RANGE

is a control on the ultrasound system that allows the operator to determine the range of shades of gray to be displayed on the monitor

broad dynamic range

In abdominal sonography, a ____ is the most appropriate option for assessing the echotexture of homogeneous soft-tissue structures like the liver, pancreas and spleen

Narrow dynamic range

is most appropriate for assessing anechoic structures such as the aorta and IVC

BOX STEER

• Ultrasound beam steering may lead to an improved Doppler angle

• Always towards the flow especially in linear probe

FREEZE

Used to pause the moving live image to be able to judge individual frames more precisely, or to save and store them.

CINE LOOP

additional control that helps with selecting the best of the image frozen image

CINE LOOP

It displays image frames acquired in the last few seconds prior to freezing.

CINE LOOP

The slow-motion (frame by frame) review capability allows the sonographer to select an appropriate image for study

CALIPER

To measure the acoustic properties of material

A Mode

Amplitude Mode

A Mode

is the simplest form of ultrasound imaging which is based on the pulse echo principle.

A Mode

A scans only give one dimensional information and not so useful for imaging

A Mode

useful for echoencephalography and echo ophthalmoscopy

B – Mode

Brightness mode (2D Mode)

B – Mode

Spatially oriented- Structures are seen as function of brightness (echoic vs anechoic), depth, and width.

Real-Time Images

If multiple B-mode images are watched in rapid sequence, they become ___

REAL TIME

Facilitates the observation of motion in any part of the subject within the cross section being scanned

REAL TIME

Essentially involves the generation of images of the same cross section repetitively and at a rate exceeding about 25 frames per second which is high enough to create the impression of continuity of events in time.

M Mode

Motion Mode

M Mode

Another way of displaying motion

M Mode

This result in a wavy line and most commonly used for cardiac ultrasound

DOPPLER MODE

It is a general term used to visualize velocities of moving tissues.

DOPPLER MODE

Evaluates blood velocity as it flows through blood vessel.

DOPPLER MODE

Blood flow through the heart and large vessels has certain characteristics that can be measured using doppler instruments.

CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER (CW)

Uses different crystals to send and receive the signal

CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER (CW)

One crystal constantly sends a soundwave of a single frequency the other constantly receives the reflected signal.

CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER (CW)

The advantages is can accurately display flow of any velocity without aliasing.

CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER (CW)

Can measure very high Doppler shift/velocities but with limited depth

SPECTRAL/PULSED WAVE (PW)

Produces short burst/pulses of sound

SPECTRAL/PULSED WAVE (PW)

Uses the same crystals to send and receive the signal.

SPECTRAL/PULSED WAVE (PW)

it follows the same pulse-echo technique used in 2D image formation.

SPECTRAL/PULSED WAVE (PW)

Advantage : specific depth and range

SPECTRAL/PULSED WAVE (PW)

Disadvantage : limited maximum detectable velocity

COLOR FLOW (CF)

produces a color-coded map of Doppler shifts superimposed onto a B-mode ultrasound image

COLOR FLOW (CF)

Assignment of color to frequency lighter shifts is usually based on and magnitude (different color hues or saturation frequency shifts).

COLOR FLOW (CF)

Best way to check for problem w/ blood flow such as deep vein “thrombosis”

POWER DOPPLER

also referred to as energy Doppler, amplitude Doppler and Doppler angiography.

POWER DOPPLER

5 times more sensitive in detecting blood flow than color doppler.

POWER DOPPLER

It is a new technique that displays the strength of the Doppler signal in color, rather than the speed and direction information

POWER DOPPLER

Provide greater detail of blood flow, especially in vessels that are located inside organs

Red

Yellow

Power Doppler uses a red-to-orange-to-yellow color scale to represent the total power in the Doppler spectrum at each sample volume. The lowest powers are displayed in ___ and the highest powers are displayed in _____

SLIDING

involves moving the entire probe in a specific direction to find a better imaging window.

SLIDING

This is usually used to find the best window, move to different areas of the body, or to follow a specific structure (such as a vessel)

TILTING/FANNING

involves moving the transducer from side to side along the short axis of the probe

TILTING/FANNING

will allow visualization of multiple cross-sectional images of a structure of interest.

TILTING/FANNING

You can apply this technique to structures such as the heart, kidney, bladder, vessels, etc

Rotating

involves turning the transducer in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction along its central axis.

Rotating

is most commonly used to switch between the long and short axis of a specific structure.

ROCKING

involves “rocking” the ultrasound probe either towards or away from the probe indicator along the long-axis

ROCKING

allows you to help center the area of interest

ROCKING

This is also referred to as “in-plane” motion because the image is kept in-plane throughout the manipulation

COMPRESSION

involves putting downward pressure on the probe to evaluate the compressibility of a structure or organ of interest.

COMPRESSION

The most common use is to evaluate for deep vein thrombosis, differentiate between artery versus vein, and evaluation for appendicitis (non-compressible)