Biology - DNA to Protein

Cells

Basic unit of life

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function

Organs

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions

Organ systems

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

Organism

A living thing made up of organ systems

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials

Ribosome

Cell organelle that makes proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cell organelle covered with ribosomes where many transport proteins are assembled

Soft endoplasmic reticulum

Cell organelle that has no ribosomes but is involved in synthesis of lipids & some steroids.

Golgi apparatus

Cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

Lysosome

Cell organelle that breaks down materials that can be used by the rest of the cell

Plasma membrane

Cell organelle that controls entries and exits of the cell

Nucleolus

Cell organelle that produces ribosomes

G1

Interphase phase; normal cell functions plus cell growth, duplication of organelles, protein synthesis

S

Interphase phase; new DNA is synthesized

G2

Interphase phase; cell prepares to divide

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Two nuclei are formed

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

Point silent mutation

Mutation that doesn't change the amino acid sequence of the protein being made

Point missense mutation

Mutation that changes a single nucleotide which results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

Point nonsense mutation

Mutation that results in stopping the production of a protein too early

Frameshift mutation

Mutation that inserts or deletes of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

Carbohydrates elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipids elements

Carbon, hydrogen, ~oxygen

Protein elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Nucleic acid elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Transcription

Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission

mRNA

Messenger RNA; carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

Transfer RNA; carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA; smakes up part of the ribosome