AP European History- Period One

ALLLLLL of the damn People

Joan of Arc

1429 (French)- thought God was speaking to her, God’s voice influenced her participate in military service in order to break the siege of Orlean——> but due to God talking to her she was tried for witchcraft and burned to the stake

John Wycliffe +Jan Hus

Wycliffe=English

Jan Hus= Bohemian

reformers of the Catholic Church, pointed out the abuses, Hus set the stage for Protestant Reformation

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of Humanism

• revived pure form of Latin

• popularized learning and individualism

• spent time composing poetry and writings

Lorenzo Valla

(1406- 1457) Philology (study of ancient languages) —→ found out the “Donation of Constantine” was a forgery through textual analysis.

Leonardo Bruni

(1369-1444) translated Greek texts to Latin and wrote a Latin history of Florence (admired Cicero)

Pico della Mirandola

(1464-1494)graduate from platonic Academy (revived Plato’s philosophies) and reached the conclusion that humans were once divine beings and in order to read that divinity again one must recapture through advancing their intelligence and spiritualness.

Lorenzo de’ Medici

(1449- 1492)advocated civic humanism (ideal of citizen participation in the public sphere and the pursuit of classical learning)

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527)- created “The Prince,” a manual on how to rule successfully (ruler must be strong like a lion and clever like a fox)

• Politics should be separate from religion

• "It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both." —→ fear has a more stable foundation bc there will be a lesser chance of revolts

Baldassare Castiglione

(1478-1529)- Created “Book of the Courtier” a manual on how to become a “Renaissance man”

• advocated education for women but only in poetry, literature and music NOT math and science

Donatello

(1386-1466)- an artist/ sculptor, made David in a bronze statue —. represented Renaissance naturalism

Masaccio

(1401-1428)- implemented new art techniques EX: realism, geometric perspective, and three-dimensional space

Fillipo Brunelleschi

(1377- 1446) architect that created Il Duomo on the Cathedral of Florence (a dome) (a great feat at the time)

Leonardo Da Vinci

( 1452-1519)- THE Renaissance man, created the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

• excelled in math, science, philosophy, engineering, and anatomy

Michelangelo

(1475-1564)- was an artistic genius: made the sculpture of David, painted the Sistine Chapel and excelled in architecture as well (St. Peter’s Basilica Dome)

Raphael

(1483- 1520)- created School of Athens: honored Aristotle and Plato

Christine de Pisan

(1364-1431)- French noblewoman, turned to writing in order to make a living for her family after her husband died

Isabella d’Este

(1474-1539)- took on diplomatic duties while her husband was at war; created a school for girls, humanist

Laura Cereta

(1469-1499)- wrote advocating equality of opportunity of women after her husband died (never remarried which was a common thing to do)

Henry VIII

(1509-1547)- creep, he had 6 wives and his first was Catherine of Aragon (couldn’t produce male heir) so he made himself head of Church and changed the Catholic Church to Anglicanism (Protestant) and divorced Catherine. He then married Anne Boleyn who produce Elizabeth 1 but no male heir. Later on he had his sickly son Edward VII.

• funnily enough he was called “Defender of Faith” for CATHOLOCISM, but to be honest, he didn’t make any reforms to reform England fully Protestantism

Charles V or Charles I

(1516-1556)- HRE, devout Catholic, pushed for the Pope to reform the Church and he saw it his duty to keep political unity of Catholicism but he was busy fighting off his enemies.

Desiderius Erasmus

(1466-1536)- created “In Praise of Folly” which mocked the clergy and the Church’s abuses, but he wanted reform from within the Church, a peaceful reform.

Thomas More

(1478-1535)- first non clerical Lord Chancellor; created Utopia where he wrote about the perfect European society through an idea of communal living

• would literally die for his belief in Catholicism

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

(1525-1569)- painter that portrayed everyday scenes; a naturalistic view of the world (agriculture, peasants, everyday customs and rituals)

Martin Luther

called out the abuses of the church (Simony, indulgences, nepotism) in his 95 Theses.

• created Protestantism, started the Protestant Reformation

• Sola Scriptura= the scripture is what should be followed not the word of the clergy

• Sola fide= salvation comes from faith alone, not good deeds

• Sola Gratia= Grace is what gives you a seat in heaven and God is the only person who can gift it to you NOT the church.

Peace of Augsburg

1555- agreed to by Charles V in order to settle religious conflicts in Europe and allow areas to adopt either Protestant or Catholicism

John Calvin

(1509-1564)- created Calvinism, didn’t allow any FUN (no drinking, no gambling, a curfew, NOTHING BAD) they had to have good morality

Catherine Zell

(1498-1562)- preached about Ana baptism with her Husband

• religion that doesn’t believe in baptizing a baby, instead allowing them decide if they want to be baptized

Edward VII

(1547-1553)- sickly teenage boy, Henry VIII’s son, he tried to reform England in a Zwinglian direction.

Mary 1

(1553-1558)- daughter of Catherine of Aragon, devout Catholic, married Philip II, Bloody Mary

Philip II

(1556-1598)- married Mary I, tried to marry Elizabeth I after Mary died but she refused

Devout Catholic and was willing to give it up for Elizabeth.

After Elizabeth refused he sent the Spanish Armada to England, but Elizabeth destroyed it with England’s powerful navy.

Elizabeth I

(1558-1603)- the first politique (wanted political unity above conformity), did not persecute religious minorities expect for Catholics

• Devout Protestant

• Created Book of Common Prayer that included all religions, could be open to interpretation by all religious minorities

• strong leader, “lion,” killed her cousin Mary of Scotland for plotting against her

• defended England against the Spanish Armada

Ignatius Loyola

(1491-1556)- founder of the Jesuits, the Jesuits were basically the troops of the Pope, anything the Pope said HAS to be true.

• spread Catholicism to many area through education and argumentation

Angela Merici

(1474-1540)- founded the Ursulines, this brought education to girls

Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582)- saw visions of Jesus and founded the Carmelites based on the visions

• dedicated to a life of contemplation and service

Council of Trent

(1545-1563)- was the force of the Catholic Reformation; forced the Church to be reformed!!

• Cardinals had to eliminate church abuses

• priests were provided better education and were regulated

• clerical celibacy was implemented

• Good deeds!!

• authority of the Papacy!!

• books that steered people away from Catholicism were prohibited

• Baroque art with grandeur and illusion were created in churches to attract people to the Church

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

(1598- 1680)- an artist that created Baroque art in the reforming Catholic churches

• rebuilt Rome as a showplace of Catholic piety