exam 1

Which subspecialty of anatomy studies the structures and function of cells?

Systemic anatomy
Histology
Cell biology
Embryology

Cell Biology

Atoms and molecules are part of which level of organization in the human body?

Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Chemical

Chemical

A structure made up of two or more types of tissues that performs a specific set of functions is at what level of organization?

Chemical
Organ
Cellular
Tissue

Organ

Which system of the body is responsible for elimination of wastes and regulating the volume and composition of the blood, including production of red blood cells?

Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Digestive

Urinary

The development of specialized cells from unspecialized stem cells is a description of which of the following basic life processes?

Metabolism
Movement
Differentiation
Growth

Differentiation

The homeostasis of the body is controlled through a series of steps called a feedback system or feedback loop. One component of such systems is a control center. Which of the following organs would frequently serve as the control center for a feedback system?

Brain
Blood and lymphatic fluid
Skeletal muscles
Nerve endings in the skin

Brain

You are lying on your back looking up at the ceiling with your head resting on her arms. What is your body position?

Prone
Lateral
Supine
Anatomical position

Supine

Which pair of terms could be used to describe the location of the nose when compared to the location of the eyes?

Medial and superior
Lateral and proximal
Medial and distal
Medial and inferior

Medial and inferior

Which of the following is found within cells?

plasma
cerebrospinal fluid
interstitial fluid
cytosol

cytosol

Hormones released by the endocrine system can:

Regulate metabolism.
All of these.
Regulate growth.
Regulate uptake of glucose.

All of these.

The glucose used by the neurons for ATP production comes from
-The breakdown of fat in adipose tissue and glycogen in muscle tissue.
-Only Nutrients absorbed from digestion
-Nutrients absorbed from digestion and glucose produced by the liver.
-Only gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Nutrients absorbed from digestion and glucose

A loss of control of homeostasis can lead to disease or even death.

True
False

True

Normal limits are ranges of body functions on either side of a set equilibrium.

True
False

True

Only external stresses can disrupt homeostasis.

True
False

False

The birth of the baby stops the stretching of the cervix and ends the positive feedback loop.

True
False

True

What controls temperature in the body?

The hypothalamus.
The medulla oblongata.
The pituitary gland.
All of these.

The hypothalamus.

The serous membrane that wraps the walls of the abdominal cavity is called the \______________; the serous membrane that wraps the stomach is called the \__________.

parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum
visceral pleural, parietal pleural
visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
parietal pleural, visceral pleural

parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

The two systems most responsible for maintaining homeostasis are the

Integumentary and immune systems
Respiratory and cardiovascular system
Endocrine and nervous systems
Muscular and skeletal systems

Endocrine and nervous systems

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains:

a changing state within an unlimited range.
the lowest possible energy usage.
a static state with no deviation from preset points.
a relatively stable internal environment within limits.

a relatively stable internal environment within limits.

A positive feedback mechanism is defined as

a feedback mechanism that reinforces the change in the controlled condition
the dominant feedback mechanism of the body
a feedback mechanism that removes the original stimulus
a feedback mechanism that reverses a change in a controlled condition

a feedback mechanism that reinforces the change in the controlled condition

Place the following in correct sequence from the simplest to the most complex:

1. tissue
2. organismal
3. organ
4. chemical
5. system
6. cellular

2-4-6-1-3-5
1-2-3-4-5-6
4-6-1-3-5-2
4-6-3-1-5-2

4-6-1-3-5-2

The meninges would be found within which body cavity?

Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Vertebral and cranial
Pelvic cavity

Vertebral and cranial

The diaphragm separates which two body cavities?

thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity
mediastinum from the thoracic cavity
cranial cavity from the vertebral cavity

thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

The knee is:

The foot is superior to the knee.
The foot is lateral to the knee
The knee is medial to the foot
The knee is proximal to the foot.

The knee is proximal to the foot.

Which structures are contralateral?

liver, heart
right leg, right arm
left leg, right leg and right leg, right arm
left leg, right leg

left leg, right leg

Match the chin with

Antebrachial
Acromial
Calcaneal
Brachial
Mental
Buccal

Mental

Match Forearm with

Acromial
Calcaneal
Brachial
Buccal
Antebrachial

Antebrachial

Match Heal with:

Antebrachial
Buccal
Acromial
Calcaneal
Brachial

Calcaneal

Name the plane that divides the body into an anterior and a posterior portion

transverse(axial)
coronal(frontal)
midsagittal(median)
sagittal

coronal(frontal)

Membrane associated with movable joints

cutaneous membrane
mucous membranes
meninges
synovial membranes
serous membranes

synovial membranes

Membrane found in the ventral cavity

mucous membranes
synovial membranes
meninges
serous membranes

serous membranes

Acid are proton donors. Bases are proton acceptors.

True
False

True

Some proteins may be buffers in the blood.

True
False

True

Water has a pH of 0.

True
False

False

Buffers are a combination of a weak acid and

strong bases
strong acids
anions from the salts of the weak acids
All of these.

anions from the salts of the weak acids

What type of bond is found in salts?

Covalent and Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Ionic
Covalent

Ionic

What type of bond is found in nucleic acids?

Ionic
Covalent
Covalent and hydrogen
Hydrogen

Covalent and hydrogen

What type of bond is primarily found in lipids?

Ionic
Covalent
Covalent and Hydrogen
Hydrogen

Covalent

Ionic bonds involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

True
False

True

Covalent bonds involve a transfer of electrons from one molecule to another.

True
False

False

Each element has a unique identifying number called the atomic number. Which of the following subatomic particles is(are) represented by the atomic number?

Electrons
Both protons and neutrons
Neutrons
Protons

Protons

What type of chemical bond commonly forms between adjacent water molecules?

molecular bonds
polar ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

In order to use polysaccharides as an energy source, one must

-assemble them into chains of 12 to 24 branches
-add negative charges to make them water soluble
-break them down to monosaccharides
-attach a water molecule to each branch

break them down to monosaccharides

Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are considered to be \_____ .

oils
fats
phospholipids
lipoproteins

fats

If a vial of blood is drawn for a blood test and prevented from coagulating then allowed to sit in a rack for some time, the red blood cells will settle out and drift to the bottom of the tube. This process indicates blood has the properties of what type of fluid?

ionic solution
solution with hydrogen bonds
suspension
colloidal solution

suspension

Smaller organic molecules such as glucose or amino acids can be combined into larger macromolecules. What do we call the smaller molecules from which the macromolecules are built?

Ionic compounds
fatty acids
monomers
polymers

monomers

Which of the following molecules is a polymer of a smaller carbohydrate unit?

sucrose
glucose
glycogen
lactose

glycogen

When looking at nitrogenous bases in DNA, cytosine will always pair with

guanine
thymine
uracil
adenine

guanine

Proteins folded into pleated sheets or twisted into a helix(spiral) are considered to be \_____ structure proteins.

quaternary
secondary
tertiary
primary

secondary

Enzymes:

All of these.
are proteins
highly specific
lower energy of activation
subject to cellular control

All of these.

In what part of a cell would you find most of a cell's genetic material?

Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion

Nucleus

The cytoplasm of a cell is made up of which of the following?

the cytosol and the nucleus
the plasma membrane and organelles
the cytosol and organelles
the plasma membrane and cytosol

the cytosol and organelles

Which of the following best describes the basic structure of the plasma membrane of a cell?

phospholipids
glycocalyx
lipid bilayer
glycoproteins

lipid bilayer

Which membrane proteins are involved with the transport of molecules that otherwise would be unable to enter the cell?

carrier proteins
peripheral proteins
glycoproteins
linker proteins

carrier proteins

Dietary glucose is transported into a cell down its concentration gradient with the aid of membrane proteins called Na+/glucose \_____.

receptor proteins
antiporters
symporters
aquaporins
channel proteins

symporters

What type of endocytosis allows cells to "drink" (take up tiny droplets of extracellular fluid)?

pinocytosis
by means of clathrin-coated pits
phagocytosis
exocytosis

pinocytosis

Which of the following organelles oxidizes toxic substances such as alcohol, and breaks down other potentially harmful by-products of metabolism?

mitochondria
peroxisomes
proteasomes
lysosomes

peroxisomes

The nucleus of a cell contains one or more of these structures that are the site of production of ribosomes.

histones
nucleosome
chromatin
nucleolus

nucleolus

Genetic information in DNA and RNA is stored as a sequence of three nucleotide bases.

On DNA a group of three nucleotides is called a \_____, while on the complementary strand of mRNA, this sequence is called a \____.

intron / exon
codon / anticodon
base triplet / codon
genome / proteome

base triplet / codon

During the translation phase of protein synthesis, where would you find an anticodon?

on the DNA strand
on the large subunit of the ribosome
on the mRNA strand
on the strand of tRNA
on the small subunit of the ribosome

on the strand of tRNA

In somatic cell division, a cell undergoes a nuclear division called \____, and a division of its cytoplasm called \_____.

prophase / cytokinesis
meiosis / mitosis
the cell cycle / cytokinesis
Correct Answer mitosis / cytokinesis

mitosis / cytokinesis

Both charged, polar, and uncharged, non-polar, substances can pass uninhibited through the cell membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration

True
False

False

The difference between the concentration of a substance or distribution of electrical charges on opposite sides of the cell membrane are referred to as

membrane status
electrochemical gradient
transport inductance
biochemical differential

electrochemical gradient

Unassisted movement of a substance through a membrane due to concentration gradient is known as

transcytosis
carrier mediated diffusion
simple diffusion
osmosis

simple diffusion

The force which draws water into a concentrated substance in an attempt to equalize the solute is referred to as

osmotic pressure
electrochemical tension
biochemical differential
aquaporin distribution

osmotic pressure

The reason polar, charged, substances cannot pass through the cell membrane is because they cannot pass through the two layers of hydrophobic tails which face each other in the cell membrane.

True
False

True

Endocytosis is the inward movement of a large particle into the cell by means of vesicular transport.

True
False

True

A protein transporter which moves two substances by secondary active transport in the same direction is known as a

transponder
antiporter
symporter

symporter

The movement of one substance into the cell by vesicular transport at the same rate another substance is moved out of the cell also by vesicular transport, the process is known as

maintenance of membrane integrity
intracellular balance
transcytosis
vesicular reflex

transcytosis

Active protein transporters which move substances from lower concentration into higher concentration are known as

transponders
channels
pumps
ligands

pumps

A gene codes for a specific protein.

True
False

True

Transcription is the synthesis of messenger RNA from a DNA template.

True
False

True

Translation requires mRNA, tRNA and a ribosome.
True
False

True

Cytosolic proteins are produced by ribosomes at the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

True
False

False

Processing of proteins takes place in the

Ribosome
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
All of these

Golgi apparatus

Transcription takes place in the

All of these
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus

Nucleus

There are 20 amino acids and 20 unique codons plus a start and stop codon for transcribing

DNA for protein synthesis.

True
False

False

Which of the following is not included in a nucleotide:

triglyceride
phosphate
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar

triglyceride

Which of the following is the site of aerobic cellular respiration and produces most of the cells ATP.

ribosomes
nucleus
centrioles
mitochondria

mitochondria

Unlike prokaryotic cells, some regions of DNA in humans do not code for protein synthesis.

Which regions on messenger RNA do not code for protein synthesis.

intron
none of above
exon

intron

Cancers arising in the epithelium accounts for 90% of human cancers.

True
False

True

Cancers arising in the epithelium accounts for 90% of human cancers.

carcinoma
Adenoma
sarcoma
adipoma

carcinoma

At which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate

G2 phase
G1 phase
S phase
Mitosis
G0 phase

S phase

In adults, nerve cells are generally considered to be in which phase of the cell cycle?

G2 phase
Mitosis
G1 phase
G0 phase
S phase

G0 phase

How many chromosomes do humans typically have?

21
46
42
None of Above
23

46

Connexons allow ions and electric impulses to travel from one cell to another

True
False

True

Epithelial cells tend to be highly regenerative.

True
False

True

Epithelial cells are highly vascular.

True
False

False

Which of the following protects cells from the movement of harmful substances, like hydrochloric acid?

adherens junctions
gap junctions
hemidesmosomes
tight junctions

tight junctions

Which of the following bind cells to the basement membrane?

tight junctions
adherens junctions
gap junctions
hemidesmosomes

hemidesmosomes

This tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs of the body such as the stomach and bladder.

Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nerve Tissue
Muscle Tissue

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following would be found in the bladder?

simple squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium

transitional epithelium

Epithelial cells may be derived from which of the following embryonic tissues?

endoderm
mesoderm
all of the above
ectoderm
only two of the above

all of the above

Type epithelial cell that lines airways of the trachea and bronchi ?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Simple squamous
Simple columnat
Cuboidal

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Epithelial cells found in the tubules of the kidney and in the thyroid gland.

Stratified cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple cuboidal
Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Goblet cells are found in most endocrine glands

True
False

False

Excocrine glands in the body are either unicellular or multicellular and derived from epithelial cells.

True
False

True

Salivary gland are an example of gland that release saliva from secretory vesicles with little loss of plasma membrane. These glands are functionally classified as:

merocrine
endocrine
holocrine
apocrine

merocrine

Telomeres are constricted regions between duplicated chromosomes that hold the chromatids together.

True
False

False

The epithelial cells of the serosal membranes are

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
stratified cubodial

Simple squamous