FWE 379 Units 1 and 2 Exam

left off at lecture 8

wildlife management

a purposeful attempt by humans to manipulate the characteristics of populations and communities of terrestrial vertebrates

wildlife conservation

a multi-disciplinary scientific field aimed at preserving species and the habitats in which they live

game management as defined by Leopold

the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use

wildlife management is not an inadvertent activity; it has specific goals and objectives

what does the term “purposeful” in the wildlife definition refer to?

wildlife management is primarily an anthropogenic activity, humans set the goals and they are usually intended to benefit us directly or indirectly

what is the importance of the word “humans” in the wildlife management definition

implies deliberate human intervention

what does the term “manipulate” mean in the definition of wildlife management?

characteristics of populations

• distribution

• number of individuals

• density

• rates (birth, death, immigration, emigration, growth)

• demographic structure (sex ratios and age structure)

• genetic structure (number of alleles, allele frequencies)

characteristics of communities

• number of species

• types of species

• patterns of relative abundance

• types of interactions between species

concerned people, wildlife managers, and the public in general

who sets the goals in wildlife management?

1. to exploit valuable wildlife species in a sustainable way

2. to control the negative consequences of overabundant wildlife species

3. to recover wildlife species that have become rare or threatened

4. to maintain the diversity of natural wildlife communities and their habitats

what are the four basic fundamental goals for wildlife management?

people want to exploit valuable wildlife resources (i.e. commercial, recreational, and subsistence harvesting)

what is the motive for sustainable harvesting?

to manage the exploitation of a valuable species so that it is sustainable

what is the goal of sustainable harvesting?

countering the tendency to overexploit, adjusting to cultural norms regarding exploitation

what are the challenges to sustainable harvesting?

people want to be relieved of problems caused by wildlife species that are overabundant or invasive

what is the motive for controlling overabundance and invasive species

to reduce the negative impacts of overabundant wildlife species

what is the goal of controlling overabundant and invasive species

defining overabundance, overcoming capacity of some pests to increase

what are the challenges to controlling overabundant species

people want some species to be more abundant because they value them for a variety of reasons

what is the motive for recovering rare species?

to increase the size and distribution of a species to a desired (secure) level?

what is the goal for recovering rare species?

urgency of saving endangered species, extreme risks of small population size, unrealistic expectations

what are the challenges of recovering rare species?

people want to have diverse wildlife communities, especially in protected natural areas

what is the motive of maintaining diverse wildlife communities and habitats

human encroachment on wildlife habitat, conflicting demands for natural areas

what is the goal of maintaining diverse wildlife communities and habitats?

• must understand the expectations of the public

• must educate public

• must accomplish goals with less than adequate resources

• must be able to deal with harsh criticism

why is meeting wildlife management goals difficult?

no need for wildlife management, didn’t arise until human population expanded

40000-2000 years ago

early recognition of renewable nature of wildlife resources; religious accounts of protecting breeding populations

2000 years ago through 1200-1500

Magna Carta and English “common law” included provisions for wildlife management

Early European Practices

earliest practices reflected European traditions that colonists brought with them

North American History

wildlife resources seemed inexhaustible; only a few modest management initiatives

what defined the era of overwhelming abundance

near extinction of bison and passenger pigeon

what defined the era of overexploitation

response to overexploitation was legal protection (from direct taking)

what defined the era of protectionism

emphasis was still on game species but protection alone was seen as inadequate, major expansion of management programs and number of professionals

what defined the era of management

just as protection proved inadequate, game management alone proved insufficient to address complex problems facing wildlife; objects of management expanded

what defined the era of environmentalism

paradigm

a perspective or set of ideas that shape how a problem is viewed or how to address it

• witnessed overexploitation under the open-access paradigm as a boy

• embraced protectionism paradigm early in his career

• led the shift to resource-management paradigm

• envisioned and influenced the environmentalism paradigm

what were Leopold’s contributions?

1. wildlife is a public resource

2. markets for game are eliminated

3. allocation of wildlife by law

4. wildlife can only be killed for a legitimate purpose

5. wildlife species are considered an international resource

6. science is the proper tool for discharge of wildlife policy

7. the democracy of hunting

what are the seven tenets of NAM?

1. government regulates access

2. people accept regulation

why does NAM work?

wild animals

what is the trust in NAM?

the government

what is the trustee in NAM?

citizens of US or Canada

what is the beneficiary in NAM?

• must be accountable

• may no abdicate responsibility

what are the roles of the trustee?

legal standing to influence management

what is the role of the beneficiary?

sustainable harvest

the wildlife profession is rooted in the idea of _______

commodity

wildlife is viewed as a _______

inner circle of the public trust

what is the role of the state government

outer circle of the public trust

what is the role of the federal government

• taxes hunting equipment to fund conservation

what is the role of the Pittman-Robinson Act

• hunting is declining

• doesn’t adequately address non-game

• raised revenue from non-hunting firearm sales

what is the concern over the Pittman-Robinson Act?

Lacy Act of 1900

made interstate trade in illegally harvested wildlife illegal

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1916

established a federal/international interest in wildlife conservation

Endangered Species Act of 1973

• purpose is to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems on which they depend

• goal is recovery to the point where protection is no longer needed

• requires designation of critical habitat

ethics

_____ are closely related to the shared values of a community, aesthetics; shaped by cultures, communities and context; provide guidelines

• biological context

• cultural context

what are the sources of our ethical framework?

1. Humans are dependent upon the other orders of creation

2. Take only what you need and use everything you take

3. Accept these gifts in humbleness and with reciprocity

4. Other human beings and other non-human beings are also dependent upon the gifts of the Creator

5. In accepting the gifts of the Creator, we must recognize applicable laws, beginning with laws of the Creator

6. Stewardship should be informed by and consistent with traditional ecological knowledge and other forms of science

what is the proposed Ojibwe version of NAM?