bones and cartilage

Hip joint function

support, stability, force transmission, locomotion

The hip joint forms the _ surface of the hip complex

articulating

The hip joint is made up of the

acetabulum and femoral head

The acetabulum is directed

laterally, anteriorly , interferly

When the angle of the acetabulum orientation is abnormally more forward

acetabular anteversion

Acetabular anteversion is associated with

reduced joint stability, osteoarthritis

The trabecular system is present at the ___ of the femur

head and neck

The trabecular system purpose

resist compressive stress on the femur

The area in the femoral neck that has fewer trabecular fibers

zone of weakness

The bone in the trabecular zone is strongest where fibers cross at a ____ angle

90 degree

Largest joint in the body

knee joint

Knee joint function

change length of leg, locomotion

The meniscus reduces ___ in the knee joint

incongruency

The purpose of the thickness of the medial meniscus

accept more load

Meniscus function

joint stability, shock absorption, reduced friction, force distribution in the knee

Greater surface area means

reduced stress

Stress =

force/area

No meniscus increases load on the

femoral epicondyle

The relationship between the femoral and tibial axes give a slight

valgus angle

Normal Q angle in males and females

14, 17

The angle between a line drawn from the ASIS to the venter of the patella, then to the tibial tubercle

Q angle

The largest Q angle occurs when

landing from a jump, cutting

A large Q angle occurs due to

excessive hip adduction, internal rotation

Q angle is an indicator of potential

ACL tear, patellofemoral pain

Function of the ankle/foot joint

provides a stable base, shock absorption, force transmission

The foot can conform to uneven surfaces through

pronation and supination

When the foot hits the ground, it

pronates

The ankle joint transmits ____ forces during propulsion

rotational

Articulations of the tibiotalar joint

tibia, fibula, talus

The tibiotalar joint is a ____ joint

hinge

The ankle, foot can be divided into the

hindfoot, midfood, forefoot

Talus + calcaneus

hindfoot

Function of hindfoot

initial contact, loading response

Navicular + cuneiforms + cuboid

midfoot

Function of midboot

formation of arch, midfoot lever, force transmission

Metatarsals + phalanges + sesamoids

forefoot

Forefoot function

uneven surface adaptation, balance, dynamic control

Three types of cartilage

elastic, fibrous, hyaline

Function of elastic cartilage

maintain shape

Ex. of elastic cartilage

external ear

Function of fibrous cartilage

compression resistance, shock absorption, improve fit

Fibrous cartilage ex

intervertebral disks

Function of hyaline cartilage

reduces friction, support, lead transmission

Least flexible cartilage

fibrocarilage

Hyaline cartilage is made up of

collagen, proteoglycan

Hyaline cartilage is located at the

articulating ends of bone

When a compressive force is applied to cartilage, ____ increases near the _____

tensile stress, outer surface

Collagen fibers are arranged near the ________ surface of the cartilage

exterior surface

Articular cartilage can withstand high ____ loads

compressive, tensile

As the exudation of joint fluid stops, ____ stops

deformation

At stress relaxation, ________ is reduced

deformation

Articular connective tissues

tendons, ligaments

Composition of tensions and ligaments

water, collagen

Function of tendons and ligaments

guide movement, maintain joint congruence, sense joint/loading strains

Collagen fiber arrangement in tendon

parallel

Parallel fiber purpose

stiff

Parallel fibers have high resistance to

Parallel fibers have little resistance to

compression, shear

Tendons are ____ than ligaments

stronger