HS 210 Midterm

Incidence

measures the number of new cases of disease over a period of time

Prevalence

measures the number of total cases of a disease (existing and new) over a period of time

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

is the rate of infant death per 1,000 live briths (birth to age 1)

Life expectancy

is the average number of years that people live in a given population

Disability-adjusted life expectancy and Years of health life

are calculated by subtracting the total number of sick and disabled days and years from average life expectancy

Mortality rate

calculates the incidence of death per year 1,000 or 100,000 people

Morbidity rates

measure the number of people in a population who have a disease per 100,000 people

US Healthcare 

refers specifically to the healthcare system with the United States

Healthcare

is more a general term for the maintenance or improvement of health and used for the broader, more institution system

Health care 

can refer to the actual act of providing care

Healthy People 2030 Over-arching Goals

Attain healthy life and well-being; Eliminate health disparities; Create social, physical, and economic environments; Promote health development and health behaviors; Engage leadership to take action to improve the health and well-being of all

Iron Triangle - Access

ability to use healthcare services

Iron Triangle - Cost

the price of health services

Iron Triangle - Quality

how good or bad the healthcare services are at the time of delivery

Iron Triangle

change in one vector, changes the other vectors; Increasing or decreasing one results in changes to one or both of the other two

US Social Security Act of 1965 - Medicare/Medicaid

When people turn 65 they are able to quality for it - federal health insurance for the elderly

US Social Security Act of 1935

An act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of federal old-age benefits. (Retirement Fund)

Causes of premature death

Heart disease, cancer, and stroke. These diseases result from maladaptation to environment and to a sedentary lifestyle

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

to protect the privacy and security of patient health information

US Department (DHHS)

influences what public health strategies are deployed through control of funds

Primary Healthcare

focuses on individual patient care, diagnosis, and treatment

Public Health

Addresses the health of entire populations through prevention, education and policy

Endemic

Refers to the usual or expected, sustained occurrence of disease in a population

Epidemic

is an unusual, unexpected occurrence of disease in a population

Pandemic

is the unusual occurrence of disease that spreads around the world or in a large geographic, continental areas

Primary care

is delivered by clinicians in general practice, family practice, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and general internal medicine

Secondary care

is provided in community hospitals, outpatient testing centers, and specialists’ offices

Tertiary care

is delievered at large medical centers, referral hospitals, and teaching hosptials

ADLs

Basic self-care task necessary for daily living (ex: bathing, dressing, toileting, eating, sleeping)

IADLs

more complex task that require additional cognitive and organizational skills (Preparing meals, taking medications, arranging medical appoinments, and use of transportation)

Tasks of Public Health Agencies

They act with biomedical data, run public labs and clinics from screening

Hospice Care

similar to palliative care but more for terminally ill and families. Involves medical relief of pain and supportive services. Those nearing the end of life, focusing on comfort and quality of life rather than cure

Palliative Care

can be received at any stage of a serious illness, focuses on managing symptoms, improving quality of life. Care to individuals with chronic incurable or terminal illness

Respite care

provided temporary relief for family caregivers, allowing them a break from their duties. Coverage for respite care is very limited and mostly funded by out-of-pocket payments

Acute Care

a hospital or clinic-based care for brief conditions, relies on sophisticated medical technology and attempts to restore health or cure

Ambulatory care

is medical services provided to patients who can walk in and out of a facility without an overnight hospital stay

Inpatient care

takes place in hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living

US Surgeon General

Mission is to protect, promote, and advance the health of our nation

Group Practice - Advantages

No overhead cost, better leverage and ability to negotiate contracts, more flexible work schedules, less financial risk

Group Practice - Disadvantages

Less individual freedom, Reduced autonomy, malpractice liability, higher patient loads, less money/earning potential

Solo Practice - Advantages

More autonomy, more discretion about office hours, better personal relationship with patients

Solo Practice - Disadvantages

Compete with group practices on prices and services, full financial risk, need to be on-call, more administrative responsibilities

Social Detriments of Health

non-medical factors that influence a person's health and well-being, conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age

Social Detriments of Health - Examples

Economic Stability, Education Access and Quality, Health Care Access and Quailty, Neighborhood and Built Environment, Social and Community Context

Improvements in health status

Improvement in community sanitation

Disability Adjusted Life Year

is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the cumlaitve number of years lost due to ill-health, disabilitybility or early death

YLD

Years Lived with Disability

YLL

Years of Life Lost

Defensive Medicine

Happens when providers order more unnecessary test to protect themselves from lawsuits; increase cost and doesn’t help treat patients

Major forces that have shaped the delivery of health care services

technological advancements, financial and economic challenges, demographic shifts, and policy and regulatory changes

Allied Health Professionals

responsible for diagnosing an treating diseases, providing rehabilitation and corrective services, managing health systems, and operating medical technology

Primary Prevention

focuses on preventing disease processes from getting started

Secondary prevention

emphasizes early detection of diseases

Tertiary prevention

emphasizes treatment of diseases once they present to prevent further complications