Anatomy and Physiology

For Moving Exam

The structural and functional unit of all organisms.

Cell

cell theory is usually given to 

three scientists: 

Theodor Schwann, 

Matthias Jakob Schleiden 

Rudolf Virchow

concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory. 

a German botanist who viewed plant parts under a microscope and discovered that plant parts are made of cells. He is considered to be the co-founder of cell theory together with Schwann, with whom he consulted. 

Matthias Schleiden

a German biologist who viewed animal parts under a microscope and discovered that animals were made up of cells. He extended Schleiden’s cell theory in plants to animals, stating that all living things are composed of cells. 

Theodore Schwann

The Cell Theory states: (5)

• A cell is the basic structural and functional unit 

of life

• All living things are made up of cells

• New cells arise only from preexisting cells

• Cells contain hereditary information that they 

pass onto their offspring

• Energy flow (metabolism) occurs within cells.

a water solution containing ions and various organic molecules. 

cytosol

little organs necessary for important 

cell functions. 

 organelles

PROKARYOTIC CELL characteristics

1. Lack a membrane bound nucleus 5. Lack organelles in the cytoplasm

2. Smaller than Eukaryotic cells 6. Asexual reproduction (binary fission)

3. Have a single circular chromosome 7. Single cell microorganisms

4. Have thousands of ribosomes dispersed throughout 

    the cytoplasm

Two domains of prokaryotic cells

Archaea and Bacteria

EUKARYOTIC CELLS characteristics

1. Have a membrane bound nucleus

2. Larger than prokaryotic cells

3. Have multiple paired linear chromosomes

4. Have free ribosomes dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and bound to endoplasmic reticulum 

5. Have organelles in the cytoplasm

6. Asexual (mitosis) and sexual reproduction (meiosis)

7. Unicellular or multicellular cell organisms

1.  Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell. 

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

• Phospholipid bilayer acts more like a fluid than a liquid.

Plasma Membrane 

1.  All cell contents that lie between the   cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol)  

Cytoplasm

liquid portion/non-organelles

Cytosol

compartmentalized units that perform specific functions

Organelles

1. Regulates DNA &  RNA actions. 

Nucleus

“Control Center.”

Nucleus

contain DNA which carries genes, the units of heredity

Chromosomes

dark region of chromatin with ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Nucleolus

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, but has nuclear pores to permit passage of ribosomal subunits

  Nuclear envelope

1. Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus. 

Nuclear Envelope

Produces RNA, which are used to make all proteins.

 Nucleolus 

1. information on how to make proteins. 

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid

1. unorganized DNA (normal state)

Chromatin

1. organized DNA (present before cell division

Chromosomes

 Transportation route for proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum 

1. has ribosomes

2. no ribosomes

1. Rough ER

2. Smooth ER

Ribosomes begin to make _____. As the protein is made, it’s 

pushes into the middle of the _______, which 

is called ______. Once inside, the 

protein is folded and tagged with ________. 

It will then travel to_________________ for further 

processing.

1. protein

2. rough ER

3. lumen

4. carbohydrates

5. Golgi Apparatus

Role in storage of calcium ions (Ca+), synthesize lipids, steroid 

hormones, carbohydrates 

Smooth ER

Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell. 

 Golgi Apparatus  

in this transmission electron micrograph of 

a white blood cell is visible as a stack of semicircular flattened 

rings in the lower portion of this image.

The Golgi apparatus

Produce energy for the cell – site of cellular respiration.

 Mitochondria 

energy currency of the cell

ATP

Makes proteins (protein synthesis)

Ribosomes 

Storage for water, nutrients or waste.

Vacuoles & Vesicles

packets of enzymes that break down materials in a cell. 

Lysosomes 

has phagocytized a potentially pathogenic bacterium into a vesicle, which then fuses with a lysosome within the cell so that the pathogen can be destroyed.

macrophage

small, membrane-bound organelles 

resembling empty lysosomes

Peroxisomes

break down long-chain fatty acids; contain enzymes to digest excess fatty acids

Peroxisomes

Produce cholesterol and phospholipids found in 

brain and heart tissue

Peroxisomes

Provide support 

and structure for the cell.

Cytoskeleton  

2 key components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells

1. Microfilaments  

2. Microtubules

microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division. 

Centrioles

 provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.

Cilia & Flagella

many short fibers 

cilia

1 long fiber 

flagella

site of photosynthesis (converting sun and CO2 into sugar).

Chloroplasts

inside the chloroplast

Stroma

flatten vesicles inside the stroma

Thylakoids

The green pigment chlorophyll is located within the __________________

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

 Provides support for the cell and the plant.

Cell Wall

have varied functions in protists and plants; found in plants, contains 

watery sap and maintains turgor pressure

Central vacuole

cell connection that prevents leaking between cells

Tight junctions

cell connection that spot welds in muscles, skin 

Desmosomes

four kinds of connections between cells

1. plasmodesma

2. Tight junctions

3. Desmosomes

4. Gap junctions

a channel between the cell walls of 

two adjacent plant cells. 

plasmodesma

join adjacent animal cells. 

Tight junctions

join two animal cells together. 

Desmosomes

act as channels between animal cells.

Gap junctions

the study of tissues

Histology

groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions

Tissues

Four Basic Kinds of Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue

2. Connective Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue

• Covers the body

• Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body

• Covers the organs inside body cavities

• Ex. Skin, Kidney, Trachea, Glands

Epithelial Tissue

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

 Protection

Act as a barrier

Diffusion and Filtration

Secretion

Absorption

2 Classification of Epithelial Tissues

number of cell layers and cell shape.

2 number of cell layers

Simple and stratified

2 cell shape

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Structure: 1 layer of cells

Simple Epithelium

Structure:  many layers of cells

Stratified Epithelium

1 layer of flat, tile-like cells

Simple Squamous

Structure:  1 layer of square-shaped cells

Simple Cuboidal

Structure:  1 layer of tall, narrow cells

Simple Columnar

Structure:  1 layer of tall, narrow cells

      appears like stratified

Pseudostratified Columnar

Structure:  many layers of flat, tile-like cells

Stratified Squamous

Structure:  special type of stratified epithelium, 

     Changes shape (stretched squamous, not 

     stretched cuboidal)

Stratified Squamous

Surface not in contact with other cells; Smooth to reduce friction,

Free Cell Surfaces

 increase cell’s surface area

Microvilli

move materials across cell’s surface

Cilia

produce mucus 

-  Ex. Stomach

Goblet cells

bind adjacent cells together 

Tight junctions

mechanical links that bind cells

mechanical links that bind cells

Structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood.

Glands

2 types of glands

exocrine and endocrine glands

• glands with ducts

• Ex.  Sweat or oil glands 

Exocrine glands

• no ducts (directly into bloodstream)

Endocrine glands

Types of Exocrine Glands

1. Simple 3. Tubular

2. Compound 4. Alveolus

Types of Exocrine Gland: stomach and colon

simple straight tubular

Types of Exocrine Gland": small intestine

simple coiled tubular

Types of Exocrine Gland: sebaceous glands

simple alveolar

Types of Exocrine Gland: duodenum

compound tubular

Types of Exocrine Gland: mammary glands

compound alveolar

Types of Exocrine Gland: pancreas

compound tubuloalveolar

• Most abundant & widely distributed tissue

Connective Tissue

Functions of Connective Tissue

1. Enclose and separate: 

2.   Connect tissues:  

3. Support and Movement:  

4. Storage:  

5.  Cushion and insulate:  

6. Transport: 

7. Protect:

Types of Ordinary Connective Tissue

lose, dense, adipose connective tissues

Location:  between organs, muscles, glands, skin

lose connective tissue

Location:  tendons, ligaments, skin

dense connective tissue

Location:  under skin and around organs

adipose connective tissue

Type of connective tissue; composed of chondrocytes; Contains collagen 

Cartilage