Mitosis- study Guide 2

structure b is the

centromere

based on the image, which specific phase is this cell in

prophase

stem cells are

undifferentiated cells that can divide and specialize to form any type of cell

which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

which type of fibers extend from centrioles in a star-like burst and anchor the spindle apparatus to the cell membrane

aster fibers

in a human cell, how many sister chromatids are present during metaphase

92

what is the number of replicated chromosomes that would be found in a human somatic cell at metaphase

46

this picture shows which process

cell cycle

chromatin is formed from.. (2)

DNA wrapped around histone proteins, folded nucleosomes

Which of the following must be true about a cell before it enters mitosis (4)

have enough nutrients, be large enough to divide, proteins and organelles required,correctly copied DNA

the longest phase of the cell cycle is

interphase

uncontrollable growth and division of mutated or abnormal cells is known as

cancer

in which stage of the cell cycle is the cell making final preparations for cell division

G2

place these cells in order of mitosis

C, E, A, D, B

in the G1 sage of the cell cycle, the cell (3)

grows, carries on normal activities (protein synthesis), makes more organelles

another name for a sex cell is a

gamete

during which checkpoint does the cell check to make sure the chromosomes are properly aligned at the equator of the cell

spindle checkpoint

any substance that is known to increase the risk of developing cancer is called a

carciongen

what is differentiation

a process by which a cell becomes specialized

a benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in that a benign tumor..

does not metasize

when is DNA replicated in the cell cycle

s phase

what phase is represented by letter A

prophase

fruit fly body cells have 8 chromosomes. After mitosis, you would expect a resulting fruit fly daughter to have..

8 chromosomes

when an animal cell goes through cytokinesis, ____

the contractile ring pinches off the 2 cells

which of the following is not a part of interphase

mitosis, cytokinesis

neuron cells, like the one pictured, rarely go through cell division. Therefore, we consider them to be in the ____ phase

G0

which of the following relate to G0, (3)

The cell can repair DNA damage, non-proliferative cells stay here, cell can avoid apoptosis

how many daughter cells are created through mitosis

2 genetically identical somatic cells

_____ is a critical point where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle

checkpoint

cytokinesis divides the,

cytoplasm

structure C is pointing to ONE __ ___

sister chromatid

True or false: cancer cells do not pass cell cycle chekpoints, ans so they undergo apoptosis and die

false

when a plant cell goes through cell division _____

cell plate develops, seperates the two nuclei

when in the cell cycle do chromosomes condense and appear

prophase

when might apoptosis be initiated

when DNA damage cannot be repaired

based on the image, which phase of the cell cycle is this cell in

interphase

the individual halves of replicated chromosomes are called ______

sister chromatids

the stages of mitosis in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

When cancer spreads to other tissues of the body, it is called

Metasis

What phase is this cell in?

Metaphase

This is the phase in mitosis in which sister chromatids (now daughter chromosomes) move away and are pulled apart by spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell

Anaphase

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells

which type of fibers attach to the centromere region of the chromsomes

Kinetochore microtubles

the organelle that helps in cell division and produces spindle fibers

Centrosomes

the organelle that helps in cell division and produces spindle fibers

centrosome

name the phase

telophase

what phase is represented by letter C

Anaphase

name the phase

Anaphase

in a human cell, how many daughter chromosomes are present during prophase

0

which stage of the cell cycle does the cell grow to mature size

G1

which type of fibers do not connect to a chromosome

Free microtubles

in a human cell, how many replicated chromosomes are present by the end of telophase

92

based on this image, which specific phase is this cell in?

anaphase

in a human cell, how many replicated chromosomes are present in interphase

92

This is the cell cycle checkpoint that makes sure DNA has been replicated correctly during S phase

G2/M checkpoint

structure A refers to the __ __

Sister chromatin

which phase is a cell in when it is not actively dividing

Interphase

What are the 3 reasons for mitosis

repair damaged tissue, replace dead cells, grow and develop

Difference between somatic cells and gametes

Somatic Is body, gametes are sex cells

What happen during G1

Cell grows and makes more organelles, may go to g0

What happens during S phase

DNA replication occurs

what happens during G2

Produce proteins and any additional organelles for mitosis

In the S phase, DNA is in what form

chromatin

Centrosome ______ in S phase

duplicate

Cell is committed to divide because it cannot _______

un-synthesize DNA

Substances that are classified as carcinogens

smoking, sunlight, processed meats, alcohol

How does cancer have effects like hair loss, nausea, and vomiting

cancer has these side effects because the different types of treatments target rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicles and stomach lining cells.

What is the new way to treat cancer

immunotherapy

What are the 3 most common treatments for cancer

chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery

Explain the reason that hereditary factors do not guarantee the development of cancer

the first mutation is inherited and a lady present at birth, but if the mutation spreads, there can be cancer.

The mutations in _____ are not passed on through cancer

Somatic cells

Label a spindle apparatus

label Centrosome, centriole, aster fibers, kinetochore, free spindle fibers, replicated chromosome

What is the role of the spindle apparatus in mitosis

pulls the sister chromatids to each side of the cell to create 2 new cells

The g1/S checkpoint

Check cell size, ATP and resource levels, DNA status

failing the G1/S checkpoint

stop signal, may enter g0

Passing G1/S

Go signal, DNA replication can begin

G2/M checkpoint

checks DNA replication

failing the G2/M checkpoint

DNA is not Ok, finish replication or repair DNA,

Cells can’t repair ____

chromosomes

DNA must be repaired before _____

mitosis

Passing the g2/M checkpoint

DNA is ok, cell is large enough, procedures to mitosis

When does the spindle checkpoint occur

during metaphase

Spindle checkpoint

Checks for proper alignment of chromosomes (metaphase)

Bad spindle checkpoint

mitosis stops until alignment is corrected

good spindle outcome

Proceeds to anaphase

Difference in telophase in plant and animal cells

in telophase, cleavage furrow in animal cells; in plant cells, a cell plate forms

Difference of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells

animal cells have contractile ring, in plant cells; vesicles from the Golgi body accumulate and fuse at the equator, cellulose molecules bond together, cell plate becomes cell wall

A chromosome has _____

one chromatid

What are the two reasons cells divide (3)

Reproduce, grow and develop, to heal

Maintaining the proper __ __requires__ __

SA:V ratio; division

Cells spend _____ of their time in interphase

Roughly 90%

What is the longest phase of interphase

G1

Mitosis is not

cell division

Mitosis is the division of the ____

nucleus

DNA exists as _____ most of the time

Chromatin

3 steps of mitosis, of chromatin condensing into chromosomes

DNA wraps around histones to form nucleosomes, nucleosomes fold and condense to form chromatin, crhomatin condenses= chromosomes

chromosomes only exist during

mitosis

when counting chromosomes, they are counted by the

Centromere

A chromosome has one _______

chromatid

a replicated chromosome has _______ chromatids called sister chromatids