retrograde urography - projections

AP PROJECTION

scout film

location of catheter

AP PROJECTION (PYELOGRAM)

trendelenburg position to prevent escape of CM from the ureters

10-15 degrees head down

demonstrates the pelvocalyceal system and proximal ureter

AP PROJECTION - FOWLER’S

35-40 degrees head up

demonstrates the internal structures of kidney and ureter

best position to fill up the ureters

RPO AND LPO POSITION

best demonstrates the nearest ureter to IR

best demonstrates the farthest kidney to IR in profile

demonstrates the nearest kidney perpendicular to IR

Demonstrate the farthest kidney parallel to IR

RIGHT POSTERIOR OBLIQUE

best demonstarte the right ureter

best demonstrate the left kidney

left kidney parallel to ir

right kidney perpendicular to ir

LEFT POSTERIOR OBLIQUE

Best demonstrates the left ureter

best demonstrates the right kidney

right kidney parallel to IR

left kidney perpendicular to IR

LATERAL PROJECTION

Demonstrate the anterior displacement of kidney and ureter

CROSS TABLE LATERAL PROJECTION

Demonstrate uretero pelvic region in patient with hydronephrosis

FOWLER’S POSITION

head elevated 35-40 degrees

best demonstrate ureterogram

post void film

Best demonstrate tortuosity and mobility of the kidneys