Chapter 28 - Organic Synthesis

increasing carbon chain

-add a CN group 

-makes larger molecules

-acylation or alkylation occur in aromatic ring 

reduction of nitriles 

-reduced to amines

-hydrogen + nickel catalyst

hydrolysis of nitriles 

-form carboxylic acids 

-add H2O and heat with aqueous acid (HCl)

obtaining a pure sample + checking its purity

1) dissolve impure solid in minimum volume of hot water

2) cool solution to allow crystals to form

3) filter solid under reduced pressure with Buchner funnel

4) wash with cold solvent and dry

5) solid is recrystallised to produce pure sample of crystals

6) obtain melting point of crystals then compare to known data values

choosing correct solvent for sample

-soluble in hot solvent

-insoluble in cold solvent

-low volatility (bp of 50-120C)

determination of melting point

-if pure solid, will have precise melting point value or range that exactly matches known data value

-if impure solid, will have large melting point range lower than known data value

MEMORISE ORGANIC MINDMAPS 

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