MYP5 Chemistry Study Guide

IB MYP5 Chemistry Study Guide for Comprehensive Test

What are the three fundamental particles that make up an atom?

protons, neutrons, and electrons 

What is the primary focus of organic chemistry?

to study carbon-based compounds

Which functional group is represented by the structure R-O-R?

Ether

Why is understanding electron configuration important in chemistry?

it predicts element reactivity and bonding patterns

Which orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons? 

d orbital

Equilibrium occurs when…

the forward reaction rate equals the backward reaction rate

In Lewis-dot structures, which electrons are shown as dots around the element symbol?

valence electrons only

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the first shell? 

2 electrons 

Electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus with a mass of approximately 1/2000 amu

Valence Electrons

the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in chemical bonding

Chemical Equilibrium 

a state in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction

Octet Rule

the principle that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve 8 valence electrons, except hydrogen which needs 2

Balancing Chemical Equations

the process of adjusting coefficients in a chemical equation so that the number of each type of atom is equal on both sides

Atomic Number

the number of protons in an atom, which determines the identity of an element

Electron Configuration

the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atom, following the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, etc…

Endothermic Reaction

a chemical reaction that absorbs heat

neutrally charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a mass of approximately 1 amu

Neutron

Exothermic Reaction

a chemical reaction that releases heat

the rule that when stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts to counteract that stress

Le Chatelier’s Principle

What happens to the equilibrium position when a reactant is added to a system at equilibrium?

the equilibrium shifts to the right to consume the added reactant

What best describes the relationship between atomic structure and element properties?

electron arrangement determines reactivity and bonding behavior

What is the significance of balancing chemical equations? 

to show equal atoms on both sides and apply conservation laws 

Organic Chemistry

the branch of chemistry that studies compounds containing carbon and their properties, structures, and reactions

Mass Number

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Law of Conservation of Mass

the principles that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged

Proton

a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a mass of approximately 1 amu

Atomic Structure 

the arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with electrons orbiting in energy levels around it

Nucleus

the dense central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons

Atomic Notation

a symbolic representation showing the mass number, atomic number, and element symbol

What is the primary characteristic that allows carbon to form wide varieties of structures?

it is a covalent molecule

How does an increase in pressure affect the equilibrium of a reaction?

it shifts toward the side with fewer gas atoms

According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, what is a base?

any substance that accepts a proton 

What occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction?

Equilibrium

What is the primary factor determining proton transfer in acid-base reactions?

ability to donate or accept protons 

What does an exothermic reaction do to heat in its surroundings?

releases heat

Which type of reaction would feel cold to the touch? 

endothermic reactions 

How does pressure affect equilibrium in reactions with different gas amounts?

it favors the side with fewer gas atoms

Which field of study focuses on compounds containing carbon?

organic chemistry

What type of bond does carbon form in its molecular structure? 

covalent bonds

What is the definition of an acid according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory?

a substance that donates protons to acceptors

How does the molecular structure of carbon enable chemical diversity?

its covalent nature allows varied structures

What distinguishes exothermic reactions from endothermic reactions thermodynamically?  

heat flow direction and sign of heat change 

What is the relationship between reaction rates at equilibrium?

forward and backward rates are equal

In an exothermic reaction, what is the sign of the change in heat?

negative value 

What is the chemical representation of a proton?

H+

What does a conjugate acid-base pair represent?

an acid on one side and a base on the other

Which statement best describes an ampripotic substance?

it can function as both an acid and a base

In an endothermic reaction, what is the sign of the heat change?

positive value