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What new cotton variety was found in Mississippi that transformed agriculture in the South?
Petit Gulf cotton.
What cash crop did cotton quickly replace in the South?
Tobacco and rice.
What percentage of American exports was cotton from 1835 to 1861?
55%.
What was a key impact of the expansion of cotton production on state creation?
New states like Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana were created.
What was the term used for the forced movement of enslaved people from the Upper South to the Lower South?
The Second Middle Passage.
What major transformation happened in slave labor productivity from 1820 to 1860?
Cotton production increased 600% per slave.
How did the population of the enslaved people in the South change from 1760 to 1860?
It grew from 700,000 to 4 million.
What activity served as a form of community and expression among enslaved people?
Quilt making, wood carving, storytelling, and dancing.
What significant land acquisition occurred in 1803 involving the Mississippi River?
The Louisiana Purchase.
What was the primary result of the War of 1812 for Native Americans?
Loss of allies and no say in treaties.
What was the process called that forcefully removed Native Americans from their lands in Georgia?
Indian Removal.
What document ruled that Cherokee land could not be enforced by Georgia laws?
Supreme Court ruling favoring the Cherokee.
What revolted movement occurred in Texas against Mexican policies?
The Texas Revolution.
How did the Gold Rush affect the treatment of Indigenous people in California?
It led to violence and discrimination against them.
What was a primary cause of the Civil War related to slavery?
Western expansion of slavery.
Which political party emerged in the North committed to not expanding slavery?
The Republican Party.
What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?
It freed enslaved people only in Confederate states.
What was the term for the land promise made to formerly enslaved people?
40 acres and a mule.
What restrictive laws were passed after the end of Reconstruction?
Jim Crow laws.
What was the main outcome of the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
All Americans had equal rights and protection under the law.
What did the Fourteenth Amendment provide?
Automatic citizenship for native born/naturalized people.
What led to the end of military rule over Southern states?
Federal government removing troops in 1877.
In what type of housing did many urban workers live during the industrial era?
Tenements.
Which movement aimed to address alcohol consumption and promote women’s rights?
Temperance Movement.
What was the purpose of the National Association of Colored Women established in 1896?
To fight for women’s suffrage and equal rights.
What was the main reason for the wave of immigration between 1870 and 1920?
Job opportunities in industry and construction.
How did chain migration benefit immigrant families?
It allowed immigrants to bring family members to the US.
What was the primary power source for machines during the Industrial Revolution?
Fossil fuels, specifically coal.
How did urbanization affect working-class women’s roles?
It led to more working-class women joining the workforce.
What technological advance allowed for the creation of the factory system?
Machinery powered by steam engines.
What was a major social change that happened as a result of industrialization?
Changes in gender roles, with men typically working in factories and women managing domestic affairs.
What was the societal impact of the working conditions in factories?
Poor working conditions led to movements for labor rights.
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