Biology(everything)

Active Transport

Type of transport that requires energy and move against the concentration gradient

Concentration Gradient

when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another. Cell membrane is inside of it.

Passive Transport

A type of transport that requires no energy. Move along the concentration gradient

Hypertonic

to little

Hypotonic

too much

Isotonic

perfect amount

Qualifiers of life

made of cells, response to the environment, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution.

Molecules

two or more atoms

Atoms

smallest, have nucleus

Organisms

organ systems working together

Organs

Tissue working together

Tissue

formed cells

Cells

basic unit of life

Taxonomic Ranks

Domain,Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,Family,Genus,Species

Prokaryotic

having cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei(They don't have a nucleus)(Pro=no)

Eukaryotic

having cells with membrane-bound nuclei(they have a nucleus)(Eu=do)

Heterotrophic

can't make their food themselves

Autotrophic

can make their food themselves

motile

moves

non-motile

doesn't move

sessile

non-motile

Types of Kingdoms

Archaea, Bacteria, Protist, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Archaea

unicellular prokaryotic organisms that can be heterotrophic or autotrophic and reproduce asexually. Have no cell walls

Bacteria

unicellular,prokaryotic organisms that are motile,heterotrophic or autotrophic, and have cell walls. Reproduce asexually through cell division

Protist

mostly Eukaryotic,heterotrophic or autotrophic organisms that primarily reproduce asexually. Sometimes have cell walls, Unicellular,has organelles.(like a junk drawer)

Fungi

eukaryotic,heterotrophic,single celled or multicellular organisms. Most are sessile and can reproduce asexually,has cell walls.

Plantae

autotrophic,eukaryotic,multicellular organisms. Are sessile and can reproduce asexually or sexually. Have cell walls

Animalia

eukaryotic,heterotrophic,multicellular organisms. Are motile and most commonly reproduce sexually. No cell wall.

Archaea Bacteria

Domain is Archaea,prokaryotic,no organelles, unicellular,both heterotrophic and autotrophic,has cell wall

Amoeba

single celled,animal like,no cell wall(Protist)

Giant Kelp

plant like,single celled,have to touch each other to survive(Protist)

Types of Domains

Eukarya, Archaea,Bacteria

Protons

number of _______ determine type of "element"

monomers

smallest functioning unit

polymers

largest complex structure(made of of multiple monomers)

Biomolecules

made up of monomers

Carbohydrates

monomers are monosaccharides and disaccharides, gives immediate energy(Ex. sugars,fibers,starches), polymer is cellulose.

Lipids

hydrophobic,insulation,polymer is diglycerides,triglycerides,store energy, monomer is Glycerol and fatty acids(Ex.oil,butter,animal fat,avocado,nuts)

Enzymes

is a protein,monomer is amino acid, many polymer types. speed things up

Excretory system

Kidneys, Bladder

Kidneys

filters out waste

Bladder

creates urine

Circulatory system

heart,veins

Heart

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Pulmonary Artery

pumps blood to the lungs

Pulmonary Vein

Brings blood back to the heart from the lungs

Endocrine System

Thyroid, Pancreas, Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Adrenals, Gonads

Pancreas

breaks down food, and creates enzymes

Thyroid

releases hormones that control metabolism, growth, weight

Hypothalamus

very important, and helps stress, control center homeostasis

Gonads

testicles, and ovaries

Pineal Gland

controls blood sugar

Adrenals

produces adrenaline

Pituitary Gland

controls growth

Nervous System

brain, nerves, spine

Brain

controls everything

microorganism

small living thing(bacteria, protist, fungi) critical to survival

Body lines of defense

skin,secretions of mucus, tears, sweat,saliva, and white blood cells(wbc)

Immune system

recognizes, attacks and destroys the invaders. Maintains homeostasis, fights antigens, we can't survive without it.

Innate Immunity

protects you against all antigens; involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response.

Skin

1st line of defense, most important barrier against disease. Protects through sweat, oil from glands, and barrier. Nonspecific

Tears and Saliva

contain enzyme-lysozyme. breaks down cell wall of some bacteria.

Secrete Mucus

traps bacteria and other invaders, nonspecific, apart of the first line of defense.

cilla

small hairs that trap particles and pathogens from entering the body. located in the ear and nose. A part of the first line of defense

Inflammatory Response

Second line of defense, caused by white blood cells moving to the infected tissue. White cells release chemical signals that trigger the immune system to make more white blood cells. Some wbc destroy pathogens by engulfing the invader(endocytosis)

histamine

chemical that causes capillary vessels to dilate (swell/become larger). Dilation makes it easier for white blood cells to pass through. Dilation causes swelling, redness pain and sometimes fever.

Fever

increased body temp; uncomfortable environment for pathogens to survive. Type of wbc that triggers the Hypothalamus in the brain to elevate the body temp. Wbc develops,m./ at a faster rate as temp increases. Part of the second line of defense. Nonspecific

Specific Immunity

Immune system is able to recognize cells as healthy or unhealthy; is able to distinguish between cells of "self" or " non self" recognition based off on protein markers found on cell membrane.

Antigens

Protein markers on the surface of cells;bacteria, viruses, or other foreign cells, trigger an immune response. Type of response depends on the type of it

Acquired Immunity

another word for Specific Immunity; Natural immunity is acquired from exposure to the disease organism through infection with the actual disease.

lymphocytes

white blood cells; two types, provides immunity against antigens

B lymphocytes

one type of wbc; provides immunity against antigens within plasma and other body fluids

T lymphocytes

one type of wbc ; provides immunity against antigens within cells

Cellular Immunity

Wbc in 2nd line of defense ingest infected cells, enzymes inside wbc remove protein markers and display them on their cell membrane surface. T-cells bind to these wbc and activate development of more T-cells. T-cells differentiate into either killer or helper T-cells.

Killer T-cells

travel to infected site, attaches to infected cell and releases enzymes that destroy it. Produces memory cells

Helper T-cell

stimulate killer T-cells

Memory cells

remember past invaders and destroy them when they come back

Antibody Immunity

when antigen makes it past 1st and 2nd line of defense, helper T-cells trigger wbc called B lymphocytes to activate and develop

B lymphocytes

type of wbc; differentiate into memory and antibody producing cells

Antibody

protein carried in the blood stream that binds to an antigen; Y-shaped and fits into an antigen like lock and key. Specific to each invader. Making new ones takes about 7 days

Lysogenic Cycle

a cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction.

Chemotrophs

make their own food by obtaining their energy from inorganic molecules

Decomposers

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes

Lytic Cycle

a cycle where a virus can replicate its DNA using a host cell.

viruses are surrounded by a protective protein coating; they don't have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does. Antibiotics Alter the Metabolic State of Bacteria, which Contributes to the Resulting Death or Stasis.

Why antibiotics affect bacteria but not viruses?

Capsid

The protective outer coat of a virus

Pili

short, thin, hair-like projections inside E Coli. These can help it stick to other cells or transfer genetic material.

Conjugation

the process through which bacterial cells transfer pieces of genetic material using pili.

No, they are completely dependent on their cellular hosts for energy production and protein synthesis. They replicate only within cells of the host that they infect.

Do viruses have organelles?

Vaccine

a weakened form of a pathogen that is put into someone to help them build immunity to that certain pathogen.

Bacteriophage

viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells.

Retrovirus

any of a group of RNA viruses which insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate. (Ex. HIV.)

The lock and key model assumes that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are equal shaped. It supposes that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site of the enzyme.

What does a lock and key infection mean?

Some protists are harmful, as they cause severe diseases like Malaria, Sleeping sickness, Amoebic Dysentery. But many protists are beneficial, as they are the foundation for food chains, produce the oxygen we breathe, and play an important role in nutrient recycling.

What are the benefits and harms of protists?

are used in the production of enzymes, organic acids, vitamins, and antibiotics; can also destroy crops, cause diseases in humans (Ex. candidiasis and ringworm), and ruin clothing and food with mildew and rot.

What are the benefits and harms of fungi?

Antibiotics

medicines that fight bacterial infections in people and animals.

Obligate Aerobes

an organism that requires oxygen to grow

Obligate Anaerobes

organisms that can grow and survive only in the absence of oxygen.

Facultative Anaerobes

bacteria that can grow in both the presence or absence of oxygen.

Carl Linnaeus

developed taxonomy