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Family Resemblance
There are no fixed set of characteristics that define a sandwich; instead, sandwiches are understood through family resemblances.
Transmitted Text
Texts that have been passed down through history.
Biofacts
Archaeological evidence consisting of organic material that was not the object of craftsmanship.
Inference
A conclusion drawn from data or premises.
Assumption
Something taken for granted, either knowingly or unknowingly.
Indo-European
A group of languages believed to descend from a common proto-Indo-European language.
Megaron
An architectural form with an open porch, vestibule, and large hall with central hearth and throne; found in Mycenaean palaces.
Linear B
A syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of the Greek language.
Epic Poetry
A long narrative poem usually telling the story of a single person or group, often involving gods and superhuman forces, performed with music.
Iliad
One of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer, set during the Trojan War.
Odyssey
The heroic tale of Odysseus's journey home after the Trojan War, showcasing heroism and cunning.
Kleos
The quest for glory to make life meaningful by leaving a mark.
Aristeia
A scene where a hero in battle has his finest moments.
Tīmē
The need for respect; a fundamental value that can unite a group.
Homeric Values
Values associated with multiple fallible gods and the heroism of humans, with no concept of an afterlife.
Christian Values
Values centered around one infallible God, the afterlife, and living a life as embodied by Jesus and his disciples.
Geometric Pottery
A style of ceramic art that emerged in ancient Greece during the Geometric period.
Panhellenism
The process that generated a shared culture among ancient Greeks, connecting the Homeric epics with this cultural phenomenon.
Agamemnon
King of Mycenae and commander of the Achaeans during the Trojan War; pivotal character in the Iliad.
Phalanx
A body of heavily armed infantry in ancient Greece formed in close ranks.
Ethnos
A term describing a large group of people with a common identity and territory, but not politically united.
Hoplite
A Greek soldier known for his specific style of warfare.
Aulos
A flute-like wind instrument used in ancient Greece.
Basileus
A term meaning 'king' in ancient Greece.
Spartan Mirage
The idealized vision of an egalitarian and orderly Spartan society, characterized by courage and patriotism.
Agōgē
The Spartan training program for boys, beginning at age 7.
Syssition
A common meal shared by a group of male Spartans, essential for full Spartan citizenship.
Apella
The popular assembly of ancient Sparta, similar to a democratic assembly.
Gerousia
The council of elders in Sparta, consisting of two kings and 28 men over the age of 60.
Democracy
A form of government in ancient Greece allowing male citizens some political participation.
Aristocracy
A government form where political power rests in the hands of a privileged elite.
Council of 500
An administrative body established by Cleisthenes, consisting of members chosen by lot.
Ostracism
A procedure allowing Athenians to vote for the exile of a fellow citizen for ten years.
Bronze Age
The historical period characterized by the use of bronze, with social hierarchies and significant cultural developments.
Iron Age
The historical period following the Bronze Age, marked by the use of iron and social changes.
Trojan War
A legendary conflict between Greeks and Trojans, historically debated whether factual or fictional.
Archaic Period
The era in Greece from 750-480 BCE, notable for cultural and political developments after the dark ages.
Olympics
The first organized large-scale sports competitions, starting in 776 BC.
Age of Tyrants
A period during which many tyrants ruled over Greek city-states, often acting in the public interest.
Seisachtheia
Solon's reforms that canceled debt and abolished enslavement due to debt.
Mycenae
The home of the Mycenaeans, the earliest Greek civilization, known for its palatial centers.
Troy
The legendary city associated with the Trojan War, located across the Aegean Sea from Greece.
Lefkandi
An archaeological site demonstrating advanced social structures in the Iron Age.
Polis
A term defining a political community, including a city and its surrounding countryside.
Lakonia
The region under Spartan rule.
Militarized Rule
The governing structure in Sparta, motivated by the high population of enslaved Helots.
Athens
The democratic city-state of Greece established after the oligarchy of the eupatrids.
Heinrich Schliemann
German businessman and archaeologist known for uncovering the ruins of Troy.
Minoans
The inhabitants of Crete who were conquered by the Mycenaeans.
Mycenaeans
The early Greek civilization known for their use of Linear B script and warfare.
Rhapsode
A storyteller who recited epic poetry from memory in ancient Greece.
Achilles
The Greek hero of the Iliad, known for his prowess in battle and vulnerability.
Odysseus
The Greek hero known for his cleverness and the central character in the Odyssey.
Pisistratus
A benevolent tyrant who ruled Athens and supported the arts.
Solon
An Athenian lawmaker known for his economic and constitutional reforms.
Hektemoroi
Poor sharecroppers in ancient Athens bound to pay significant portions of their yield.
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