CLIPAR LEC PRELIMS 1ST LESSON (ONLINE)

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Parasitology

the area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

Medical parasitology

Concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities

tropical medicine

Branch of medicine which deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.

tropical diseases

an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area

Symbiosis

living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms

commensalism

a symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Parasitism

symbiotic relationship where one organism, parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host

Endoparasite

a parasite living inside the body of a host

Ectoparasite

a parasite living outside the body of a host

obligate parasites

parasites need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development

faculative parasites

exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when needs arises

accidental parasites

a parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

permanent parasites

Remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

Temporary

lives on the host only for a short period of time

spurious

a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

final host

one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity

intermediate host

harbors asexual or the larval stage of the parasite

parasitic host

one which the parasite does not develop further into later stages, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host

reservoir host

allows the parasite's life to continue and become additional sources of human infection

vectors

responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

biologic vector

transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host

mechanical vector

only transports the parasite eg. flies and cockroaches

pathogens

harmful parasites

carrier

harbors particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and sumptoms

exposure

the process of inoculating an infective agent

infection

connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host

incubation period

the period between infection and evidence of symproms

pre-patent period

the period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection

autoinfection

results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

superinfection

happens when the already infected individual is infected again

contaminated soil and water

the most common way of getting infected, lack of sanitary toilet etc.

food

consumption of undercooked or raw fish, crabs, snailsar

arthropods

mosquitos

malaria and filariasis

can be obtained from mosquitos

chaga's disease

triatoma bugs

leishmaniasis

sandflies

animals

cats, house rats

another person

asymptomatic carriers/food handlers

Contaminated soil and water, Food, Arthropods, Animals, Another person, Contaminated beddings and clothing, Contaminated environment, Oneself

SOURCES OF INFECTION

epidemiology

the study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease

incidence

the number of new cases of infection

prevalence

the number(percentage) of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

cumulative prevalence

Percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite

intensity of infection

refers to the number of worms per infected person, measured directly or indirectly

morbidity

clinical consequence of infections or diseases that affect an individual's well being

deworming

Use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program

cure rate

Number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.

egg reduction rate

percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming

selective treatment

involves individual level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection, or based on presumptive grounds

targeted treatment

group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

universal treatment

population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics

efficacy

the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions

effectiveness

is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a PARTICULAR HOST

morbidity control

avoidance of illness caused by infections

information education communication

a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life style practices

environmental management

the planning, organization, performance and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and infective agent

environmental sanitation

involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks

sanitation

the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces

eradication

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent

elimination

a reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a DEFINED GEOGRAPHIC AREA as a result of delibirate efforts: continued intervention or surveillance measures are still required

Host-parasite relationships

relationship that has gruadually evolved through the ages

adaptation

causes changes in the molecular biology. biochemistry, immunology and structure of the parasite