Care and Prevention Test

Compression

Compression

Used to minimize swelling but should not substitute for rehabilitation.

Elastic Wrap application

Pressure and tension should be standardized.

Maximum contraction wrapping

Wrap should be applied in a position for maximum contraction.

Tension and turns

More turns with moderate tension can cause more loss of circulation than less turns with maximum tension.

Force percentage for wrap

60-70% of force should be used on tension of wrap.

Tape overlap

Needs to overlap by half to reduce blistering and pressure points.

Taping application

Needs to be smooth when taping.

Consistent pressure

Make sure the pressure itself is consistent.

Types of mechanical forces

Tensile, shear, compression, and 3-point bending.

Tensile force

Pulling force that is parallel to the fibers.

Shear force

Stretching force that is perpendicular to the fibers.

Compression force

Smashing or crushing of the fibers.

3-point bending

Combination of tensile, shear, and compression forces.

Critical force

Each type of tissue has a limit for how much force it can withstand.

Factors affecting mechanical properties

Age, temperature, skeletal maturity, gender, and body weight.

Load deformation curve

Describes how much force muscles, ligaments, tendons can take before injury.

Inflammatory response duration

Usually lasts from one to four days.

Fibroblastic repair

Occurs when discoloration happens and damaged cells are repaired.

Maturation remodeling stage

Rebuilding of the affected area to return to 100% function.

Signs of inflammatory process

Swelling, pain, reddening of the skin, increased temperature, loss of function.

Chemical release during injury

Releases chemicals that lead to cellular breakdown(Degradative), vasodilation(vasoactive), and attract scavenger cells(Chemotactic)

Vasoactive response

Involves histamines, bradykinins, and prostaglandins released into the bloodstream.

Neutrophils and leukocytes

Engage in phagocytosis to eat dead or dying cells.

Secondary injury

Occurs from hypoxia when there is no oxygen available.

Platelet function

Clots the blood to stop bleeding.

Neutrophils function

White blood cells that help fight infection by consuming microorganisms.

Fibroblastic repair phase

Migration of polymorphs, monocytes, and histiocytes into the injury area.

Formation of new capillaries

Part of the healing process during fibroblastic repair.

Scar tissue formation

Occurs when connective tissues heal after an injury.

Types of acute traumatic injuries

Fractures, dislocations/subluxations, strains, contusions, nerve injuries.

Diaphysis Fracture

Shaft of the bone, hollow and cylindrical.

Epiphysis Fracture

Found at the ends of bones, involved in hyaline cartilage growth.

Stress fracture cause

Results from repetitive force and overload due to muscle contraction.

Management of stress fractures

Often requires stopping activity for 14 days, does not usually need casting.

Soft tissue bruise VS Bone contusion

Produces bruising but differs from a bone contusion that does not pool blood.

Muscle strain definition

Injury classified on a scale of 1 to 3, specific to muscles.

Chronic overuse injuries

Injuries such as tendonitis that often get stuck in the inflammatory phase.

Myofascial trigger point location

Occurs at the motor unit where nerves innervate the muscle.

Cryotherapy

Common acute soft tissue injury treatment to prevent swelling.

Thermotherapy

Used after the acute phase to facilitate healing with heat sources.

Icomosis

Discoloration starting at the injury site indicating the swelling phase has stopped.

RICE protocol

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation for soft tissue injuries.

POLICE protocol

Protect, Optimal Loading, Ice, Compression, Elevate.

Peace and Love treatment

Protection, Elevation, Avoid anti-inflammatories, Compression, Education, Load, Optimism, Vascularization, Exercise.

Ankle ligaments

Lateral Side:

1. Anterior talofibular 2.Posterior talofibular 3. Calcaneofibular 

Anterior and Posterior:

1. Anterior tibiofibular 2. Posterior Tibiofibular 

Deltoid ligament function

Primary stabilizer of the medial side of the ankle joint.

Foot arches

Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, metatarsal, and transverse arches.

Plantar fascia function

Connects the heel to the metatarsals, providing shape and shock absorption.

Muscles of the lateral calf

Include peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius.

Common foot injuries

Fractures, bursitis, tendonitis.

Achilles bursitis

Fluid-filled sac that reduces swelling and may swell when struck.

Plantar fasciitis location

Inflammation occurs at the bottom of the foot, near the heel.

Heel bruise diagnosis

Irritation of the fat pad that prevents weight-bearing.

Chronic inflammation results

Can lead to heel spurs through ossification on the bottom of the heel.

Morton's foot explanation

Shortened 1st metatarsal leads to weight shift to the 2nd metatarsal.

can cause Metatarsalgia(Flattening of metatarsal arch)

or

Morton’s neuroma : growth of fluid that presses on nerves in the metatarsals

Arch problems definitions

Include pes planus (flat foot) and pes cavus (high arch).

Turf toe condition

Hyperextension injury of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint.

Bunions cause

Inflamed bursa or joint deformities, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

Toe bruising symptoms

Common injuries include torn-off nails or subungual hematomas.

Ingrown toenail treatment

Soak in warm antibacterial solution, elevate with cotton roll, proper shoes.

Infection is the scare.

Blister formation cause

Results from friction between skin layers, often due to improper fit of shoes.

Calluses formation reason

Develop around bony areas due to friction, can change gait.

Hematomas treatment

Drill small hole in nail to relieve blood under the nail.

Significant ankle bones

Include Tarsals, metatarsals, talus, calcaneus, tibia, and fibula.

Lateral ligaments of the ankle

Include anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular.

Compartment syndrome cause

Pressure build-up within leg compartments leading to vascular damage.

High systolic pressure (1st #) = no blood in

High Diastolic pressure (2nd #) = no blood out

Ankle sprain prevalence

Inversion sprains are 80-85% of all ankle sprains, affecting lateral ligaments.

Eversion sprains are less common and effect the medial ligaments

Syndesmotic ankle straining

High ankle sprain affecting the posterior and anterior tib-fib ligament.

Chronic ankle instability description

Occurs when an athlete experiences repeated ankle sprains.

Prevention of chronic ankle injuries

Include taping or bracing; bracing is preferred.

Ankle fracture signs

Swelling, pain, and possible deformity following injury.

Tibial and fibular fractures cause

Result from impact injuries.

Needs vascularity

Stress fractures diagnosis

Commonly result from overuse and repetitive loading injuries.

Pain, cannot discern bone, tenderness

Achilles tendonitis risk factors

Increased workout times, running surfaces, and explosive jumping.

Signs of tendonitis

Increased temperature, pain on touch, and thickened appearance.

Achilles tendon rupture symptoms

Includes swelling, deformity, and loss of function in plantar flexion.

Shin splints pathology

Inflammation of the periosteum and pulling away from the bone. (Periostitis)

Signs of shin contusion

Intense pain and rapid hematoma formation after direct blow.

Compartment syndrome symptoms

Swelling pressure can damage vessels and nerves in lower leg compartments.

4 Components of the leg

1. Anterior (most common)

2. Lateral 

3. Superficial posterior 

4. Deep posterior

Compartment syndrome cause

Acute trauma, such as being kicked in the leg, can result in swelling within the compartment