Chem H molar stuff

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Polar Covalent Bonds

Electrons shared unevenly between 2 bonded atoms. atoms with higher electronegativity pulls electrons closer. A polar molecule needs polar bonds and asymmetry

Dipole

slightly negative charge side of polar molecules

Van der Waals Forces

Dispersion: caused by motion of electrons, more electrons = greater force Dipole interactions: polar molecules attract positive to negative end

Hydrogen Bonding

attractive forces between hydrogen bonded to 1 atom to very electronegative atom’s lone pairs in another molecule, only with O, N, F

Mole to Volume

1 mol = 22.4 L at STP

Molarity

moles/L

Molality

moles/kg

Dilutions

M1V1 = M2V2

Colligative properties

T = kM. for boiling, add to original. for freezing, subtract from the original.