Anatomy and Physiology - Respiratory System

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31 Terms

1

Basic functions of the respiratory system

  • Breathing: intake of O2 into blood, elimination of CO2 out of blood

  • Maintenance of homeostasis: regulates blood pH/acidity by speeding up / slowing down the rate of respiration

  • Sensory information: contains receptors for sense of smell in the nasal passages

  • Filters/warms/moistens air that enters the body

  • Produces sounds: air moves over vocal cords in the larynx (voicebox)

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2

Conduction zone

air/gases enter and exit through passageways of the respiratory system

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3

Respiratory zone

location of gas exchange between the respiratory and circulatory system

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4

Structures of the conduction zone

  • Nostrils

  • Mouth

  • Trachea

  • Primary bronchus

  • Secondary bronchus

  • Tertiary bronchus

  • Bronchioles

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5

Structures of the respiratory zone

  • Alveoli

  • Alveolar ducts

  • Capillaries

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6

Inhalation / Inspiration

act of drawing air into the lungs

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7

Exhalation / expiration

act of expelling air from the lungs

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8

Inhalation thoracic cavity size

  • Diaphragm contracted / moves downward

  • Rib cage moves up / out; intercostal muscles contract

  • Pressure within thoracic cavity decreases, volume increases

  • Lungs expand due to decreased pressure

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9

Exhalation thoracic cavity size

  • Diaphragm relaxed / moves up

  • Rib cage moves down / in; intercostal muscles relax

  • Pressure within thoracic cavity increases as volume decreases

  • Lungs squeezed and air forced out

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10

Alveoli

  • Sac-like structures with single-cell layer thick walls

  • Found in clusters at the end of alveolar ducts

  • Encased in a network of capillaries

  • Alveoli are the site of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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11

Purpose of gas exchange

Aerobic cellular respiration

  • Tissues/cells take in oxygen for cellular respiration

  • Tissues make carbon dioxide as a product of cellular respiration

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12

Factors affecting gas exchange at respiratory membrane

  • Thickness of membrane: increased thickness results in decreased rate of gas exchange (scar tissue build up in alveoli)

  • Surface area: decrease in surface area results in decrease in gas exchange (surface area decreases when thickness increases)

  • Gas pressure gradients: must have the correct pressure gradient in order to exchange gas properly

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13

What happens when carbon dioxide enters the blood?

It is converted into carbonic acid/bicarbonate and dissolved in blood

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14

What happens when oxygen enters the blood?

It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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15

Hemoglobin

an iron containing molecule found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen gas so it can be transported in the bloodstream

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16

Ventilation level too low (blood pH too low = acidic)

triggers central chemoreceptors in medulla to speed up ventilation rate by increasing stimulation of respiratory muscles

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17

Ventilation level too high (blood pH too high = basic)

triggers central chemoreceptors in medulla to slow down ventilation rate by decreasing stimulation of respiratory muscles

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18

Baroreceptors

sense air pressure changes and can lead to ventilation rate changes as well

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19

Spirometry

the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system

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20

Spirometer

device used to measure pulmonary volumes and assist in diagnosing pulmonary disorders

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21

Tidal volume

air inspired/expired during a normal breath

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22

Inspiratory reserve

air that can be forcefully inspired after a normal inspiration

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23

Expiratory reserve

air expelled forcefully after expiration of normal tidal volume

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24

Residual volume

volume of air still remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration

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25

Vital capacity

  • Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory volume

  • Maximum amount of air a person can expel after a maximum inspiration

  • Depends on height, age, health, biological sex

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26

Effects of aging on respiratory system

  • Alveoli, respiratory tract and chest wall become more rigid and less elastic

  • Results in decreased lung capacity; reduced vital capacity

  • More susceptible to pulmonary disorders

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27

Hypoxia

insufficient oxygen for cellular respiration

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28

Apnea

absence of ventilatory movements

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29

Dyspnea

painful or labored breathing

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30

Hyperventilation

  • Increased rate of breathing in excess of metabolic needs

  • Results in excessive intake of O2 and increased elimination of CO2 leading to disturbance of acid-base balance

  • Causes dizziness, tingling in extremities, and may cause faintin

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31

Hypoventilation

  • Reduced rate of breathing inadequate to meet metabolic needs

  • Decreased levels of O2 and increased levels in CO2 in the blood

  • Causes cyanosis

  • Decreased ventilatory activity is associated with overdose of drugs and SIDS

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