sr, absolutism, and enlightenment 25-26

schwartz honors world history

sr - copernicus

discovered the heliocentric theory, put the scientific revolution into motion, explained that star brightness is dependent on its distance from earth, moon’s orbit, the order of six discovered planets

sr - on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

delayed publication due to fear of Luther’s mocking, dedicated to PP3, disclaimer written by Lutheran publisher, written by copernicus

sr - ptolemy

created the geocentric theory

sr - galileo

proved heliocentric theory, created telescope, studied sunspots, discovered moon isn’t perfect, saturn has rings, earth rotates on axis, threatened by the Roman Inquisition

sr - dialogue on the two great systems of the world

compared the heliocentric to the geocentric theory, written by galileo

sr - kepler

mathematically proved the heliocentric theory, discovered ellipses

sr - three laws of planetary motion

describes how the planets orbit the sun in ellipses, written by kepler

sr - vesalius/galen

a flemish scientist, proved others wrong in his depiction of human tissue and muscle

sr - On the Fabric of the Human Body

his depiction of human muscle and tissue, written by vesalius

sr - harvey

described blood movement between veins and arteries, the working of the heart, and blood vessels

sr - descartes

created his own philosophy based on his own reason, argued that everything had to be proven, “i think, therefore i am”; thinks that god is necessary and perfect

sr - Discourse on Method

book describing a new philosophy, created by author, written by descartes

sr - bacon

descartes’s contemporary, english philosopher, thought that these advancements in science would cause humanity to conquer nature, further ending all suffering; created the scientific method and empirical approach

sr - pascal

philosopher and scientist, went against bacon’s ideas because he believed they were ignorant of the power of faith and dependency of God, overshadowed by newton

sr - newton

scientist known for his laws of motion, explained universal gravitation (why the planets moved as kepler and galileo described), all bodies are attracted to each other, which is how planets stay together in orbit, “nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night; God said, ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light” - alexander pope

sr - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

introduce his theories and laws of motion, written by newton

sr - leibniz

german philosopher and mathematician, developed calculus with newton

sr - leeuwenhoek

discovered and studied bacteria with the microscope, a whole new realm of life

sr - hooke

discovered cells in living matter using the microscope, found them in cork and named them cells because the little rooms looked like the cells that bees use to store honey

sr - boyle

english scientist, founder of modern chemistry, created the boiling point, boil’s law (relationship between pressure, volume, and temp), corpuscular hypothesis: discovery of matter, differences between liquids, solids, gases, capillary action

sr - The Skeptical Chemist

laid the groundwork for modern chemistry, written by boyle

sr - priestly

english chemist, discovered oxygen

sr - lavoisier

french scientist, proved that fire isn’t an element and that it’s made up of oxygen and other substances, created the law of conservation of matter (matter cannot be created nor destroyed)

sr - scientific method

created by bacon and strongly supported by descartes; a systematic, evidence-based process using reason and logic to come to conclusions; foundation of the scientific revolution

sr - jenner

created the first vaccine (inoculation), experimented on a gardner’s kid

absolutism - absolute monarchy

a government in which a single monarch holds unlimited power upon his state; ex Henry VIII, Louis XIV, etc.

absolutism - henry viii

a king who broke himself and England away from the Catholic Church and created the Anglican church, becoming absolute monarch of himself and his state; was very violent, disrespected the pope & the British Parliament, had six wives

absolutism - peter the great

ruler of Russia, visited western Europe and was impressed with the advancements they’d made, and wanted the same for his country; became upset when his country didn’t give up their traditions & began to enforce educational reforms, more exports, manufacturing, and order boyars to shave their beards and wear western-style clothing

absolutism - philip ii

spain ruler, firmly believed in divine right; had viceroys, reporting to him; spent excessive money on foreign conquest for more land; devout Catholic, persecuting non-Christians, and supported the inquisition; “I would rather lose all my lands and a hundred lives than be king over heretics”; persecuted lutherans, targeted protestant missionaries in Mexico, slaughtered Jews and Muslims

absolutism - louis xiv

france ruler, implemented his own rules when he turned 18; nicknamed the “sun king” since everything revolved around it; moved royal court to a palace in Versailles, to have more power, lessen the power of French nobility, and make decisions in isolation; paranoid wealthy nobleman would overpower him

enlightenment - philosophes

philosophers and societal critics, with ideas published in books, plays, pamphlets, etc. the printing press helped spread their ideas in the Encyclopedia throughout Europe

enlightenment - rationalism

the belief that the truth can be reached through reason/rational thought

enlightenment - diderot

co-wrote, edited, and published the encyclopedia; wrote of women’s status & natural rights, rationalism, and drawings of machinery indicated practical values

salons

gathering of philosophe committees in people’s homes, organized by hostesses, with important societal and governmental discussions

enlightenment - marie-therese geoffrin

known as one of the leading female figures in the enlightenment, hosted many important salons

enlightenment - montesquieu

described his idea of a perfect government, and said that the english government was closest to perfect, created the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

enlightenment - The Spirit of the Laws

established a separation of power between legislative, executive, and judicial branches, written by montesquieu

enlightenment - voltaire

strong supporter of freedom of speech and religion, and only supported superstition of atheism was the alternative; didn’t support brutal punishment, “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it

enlightenment - Letters on England

spread english ideas throughout france, written by voltaire

enlightenment - rousseau

wrote an essay on how history is repeating itself; believed that human is born naturally good, and society corrupts them, created popular sovereignty, which he thought was the only way to keep people good: where a government bends to the will of the people, thinks rationalism is corrupt, and is “against” the enlightenment, thinking it brings more misery than progress

enlightenment - The Social Contract

explains how people are naturally good, but are influenced by their environment, written by rousseau

enlightenment - beccaria

didn’t believe in violent criminal punishments, and thought that the government was contradicting itself with the death penalty by committing a crime in itself, believed in four judicial reforms

enlightenment - four judicial reforms

punishment should fit the crime, quick and fair trial, innocent until proven guilty, no death penalty (laws should help prevent crimes)

enlightenment - mary wollstonecraft

feminist queen, fought for women’s rights and how men are trying to keep them innocent and childlike, argues that they could be as smart as men if given a proper education

enlightenment - popular sovereignty

a government that bends to the will of the people/people have the power

enlightenment - locke

grew up academically, believed that people can change after being born, government’s role is to protect natural rights (life, liberty, property), used empiricism, people submit themselves to the government and in return the gov offers protection of rights (positive pumpkin)

enlightenment - Two Treatises of Government

encourages the social contract, introduces the foundation of a democracy, written by locke

enlightenment - hobbes

traumatized by spanish invasion, believed people are violent without a gov to hold them together, people shouldn’t have rights, the government should maintain security and peace, only supports a theocracy where the gov controls the church (negative nancy)

enlightenment - Leviathan

argued for a powerful, sovereign government to protect people from themselves (natural way is violent), written by hobbes

enlightenment - enlightened despotism

an absolute monarchy that implemented enlightened ideas into the state (cath the great, fred the great, joe ii)

enlightenment - maria theresa

ruled austria, believed the gov should control the church, taxed the nobility (radical because people thought they would rebel), required peasants to perform agricultural labor, allowed serfs to buy their freedom, administrative reforms

enlightenment - catherine the great

ruled russia, supported catholicism and discouraged any other religious group’s voice, nobles did not pay taxes, improved education, expanded russia by taking over poland, nobles had full power over serfs after pugachev revolt, simplified code of law, restricts torture but not abolished

enlightenment - frederick the great

ruler of prussia, protestants and catholics could practice their religion, oppressed jews, not having citizenship=no rights, took land from austria in war, didn’t support serfdom but didn’t do anything to stop in fear of the nobility, abolished torture, served the state

enlightenment - joseph ii

ruler of austria, laws appealed after death, granted religious tolerance to protestants and jews, promoted practical education, abolished serfdom and said that people were to be paid in cash for peasant labor

enlightenment - moses mendelssohn

argued that jews should have their freedom and civil rights since they were prussian citizens (religious tolerance), translated torah into german, worked to reduce congregation, and help jews assimilate into society

enlightenment - immortality of the soul

talks about how the soul lives on after death, written by moses mendelssohn