ARC Mesoamerican

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19 Terms

1

Who were the Olmecs

  • Earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization

  • 3800 to 2600 years ago

    • Well into the Bronze Age

    • Situated in in lowlands

  • Mother cultures of mesoamerica

    • Some of these characteristics continue across mesoamerican indigenous cultures

  • Didn’t practice human sacrifice unlike later sites

  • Peak of settlement hierarchy

    • Arranged around river systemsCharacteristics of Olmec Civilizations

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2

Characteristics of Olmec Civilizations

  • Settlements hierarchy organized around regal ritual centers or cities

    • Palaces, royal tombs, administration buildings, temples, writing systems, and art

  • Elite Maintain their authority through control of ritual and trade and control of agricultural surplus

    • Elites often living in one area of these centers

  • Had writing systems

    • Track commerece

  • Big heads found at important centers (La Venta, San Lorenzo)San Lorenzo - Olmeco

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3

San Lorenzo - Olmec

  • Olmec  Site

  • Near good Farmland

  • First and ritual and  political center in mesoamerica

    • Earliest Olmec regal ritual center

    • 7-8k population

  • Colossal heads depictions of rulers

  • Different sectors for elites and commones

  • Elites organize labour

  • Elites in Acropolis includes palace, admin, temples

    • Stone sculpture workshops

    • Obsidian blade productions

    • Dye is used to paint walls (ochre)

  • Other monumental building

    • Massive causeways and embankments

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4

La Venta: (Olmec)

  • Template for Mesoamerican cities

  • Near coast and River

  • Access to SALT and FISH

  • Largely a center for elites not much indication of commoners

    • Displays enormous amount of variability

  • Gains political control after San Lorenzo seems to wane

  • Civic and ceremonial center for a large area

  • Pyramid in front of a massive plaza

  • Sacred precinct

    • Organization adopted by later Mesoamerican societies

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5

Teothihuacan

  • Ca 1.8-2 KYA

    • 80K ppl at height

    • One of 10 largest cities in the world

  • Powerful ritual political center

  • Unlike what we see with the Olmec, the artwork that we see is about other things

    • Does Not emphasize individuals

  • Elite control of religion, obsidian manufacture and trade, warfare

    • Important for elites to maintain their power

  • Notable shift to highland region of Mexico/Mexico Basin

  • Power base in religion, warfare, and control of trade

  • Central precinct surrounded by many well-planned neighbourhoods

  • Sacred Precinct

    • Large pyramids

    • Pyramid of the Sun, Pyramid of the Moon

    • Smaller sanctuaries

  • Elites orchestrating the building and maintaining of these structure

    • Abandoned by 550 AD

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6

Classic Mayan (peak Mayan)

  • Densely populated urban centers

  • Pyramids made with stones

  • Central precinct used for Religion, palaces, administration

  • Ruled by semi-divine king

    • Documented through hieroglyphs

      • Record dates, bombast (achievements)

    • Calendars

      • 4 calendars

      • Government sacred and secular lives of Mayans

        • Based around movements of the planet Venus

          • Went back to Day 1 (how long the planet had existed)

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7

Caral

  • Southern Coast

  • Residential settlement

    • Ceremonial precinct

  • Wide range of domesticated plants

    • Cotton Preceramic

      • Farming and living in sizeable communities with farming but do not make pottery

        • Shows Pottery is not necessarily the part of origins of

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8

Nazca and Moche

  • Nazca and Moche

    • Formed 2-1 KYA in the ANdes

    • Moche on the north coast

    • Nazca on the south coast

    • Both are names of rivers

      • Ranked lineage competing for power

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9

Nazca Lines

  • Patterns/glyphs that depict humans/animals

  • Kilometers long

  • Created by removing rocks from the surface of the desert and control between the surface rocks and rocks underneath makes this pattern

  • Oriented away from city centers

    • Use drones and ai for more nazca lines

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10

Nazca Settlements

  • Large, constructed around pyramid complexes

  • Residential and 40 mounds/enclosures

  • Cahuachi

    • Large pyramid and associated plaza area

    • Excavations indicate ceremonies

    • Some degree of social inequality

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11

Moche

  • Religious and political center

  • Massive pyramids

    • Huaca del Sol

    • Huaca de la Luna

      • Standardizations of bricks, coordinated labour

      • 100 different brick making area

  • Important religious and political center

  • Depictions of warfare and captive-taking

    • Doesn’t really have administrative buildings

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12

Moche Warfare

  • Not only on the buildings but also on the pottery and other stuff made with clay

  • Warriors depicted or images of warfare depicted

    • Social hierarchy is important

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13

Cuzco

  • Geographical, political and cosmological center of empire

  • Urban zone of palaces, state buildings and temples

    • Semi-divine kingship

  • Elites lived within the walls

    • Massive state-run storehouse

    • Commoners and lesser nobles lived in the suburbs

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14

How was status gained in Inca

  • Each new sovereign had to acquire own wealth, including palace

    • Expansion of empire

    • Palace= mausoleum at death

      • Panaqa (lineage)

      • Managed properties of decreased kings

        • Managed mummified body of the king

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15

How did the Inca manage its empire?

  • Owned natural resources and storehouses

  • Taxes (agriculture surplur and labour)

    • Farmers work temple and state lands

  • Laws

    • Resettlement programs

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16

What are some characteristics of Newark Earthwork in relation to agriculture?

  • 100 BCE to 400 CE

  • Smaller settlements Built by people were farming EAC

  • A lot of hunting-gathering

  • Settlement patterns is that they lived in dispersed homestead

  • Degree of mobility still


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17

Adena-Hopewell (3-1.5 KYA)

  • Native american societies sharing burial complexes and ceremonial systems

  • A religious movement that many different groups of people participated in

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18

What are characteristics of Ancestral Wendat Farming villages and towns?

  • Large palisaded settlements (hundreds to 1-2k people)

  • Increasing in size through time

    • Moved every 20-40 years

    • Longhouses: Matrilines

  • Maize-beans squash agriculture

    • 70% of diet-maize


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19

What are some characteristics of Cahokia?

  • Thatched roof houses

  • Material culture

  • Algonquian Urban center

  • Confluence of Missisipi and Missouri rivers

    • Missisipian archaeological cultures

      • Maize beans squash farmers which helped them propel them to their peak

      • Many mounds

        • Plazas, poles

      • Shared cosmology, material culture

      • Regional variation

    • Organized neighbourhood

  • Population 5000-10k people

    • Riveled that of London at the time

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