Bio 1-4

A certain cell has a dense nucleoid region, ribosomes, but no membrane-enclosed organelles. Based on this information, it could be __________. (Select all that apply.)

Prokaryote Eukaryote Bacteria Fungus Archaea Plant Animal

Prokaryote,Bacteria,Archaea

Adhesion

The ability of two substances to stick together

alcoholic fermentation

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

Alcoholic Fermentation Products

2 CO2 and Ethanol

Alcoholic Fermentation Reactants

Glucose, 2 NADH

Anchoring Junction

join cells together

Anchoring Junctions

fasten cells together into sheets

Aqueous Solution

Liquid solution in which water is thew solvent

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Atomic Number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Biosphere

All the life on Earth and the places where life exists

can't make their own food

heterotrophs

Cell

Fundamental structural and functional unit of life

Cell wall

rigid structure that helps maintain cell shape

Cellulose monomer or polymer? Function?

Polymer Structural role in plants

Chromatin

Complex DNA and proteins

Cohesion

The ability of two molecules of the same kind to stick together

Community

All the organisms in an ecosystem

Compare and contrast the two types of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose. The only difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2') carbon in the ring. DNA is a double-stranded molecule while RNA is a single-stranded molecule.

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic - originated first, smaller and more simple than a eukaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cell - contains a nucleus (has DNA), membrane-enclosed organelles, in plants/animals/fungi

Compare the definitions and use of inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific investigations.

Inductive - general conclusions from many experiments Deductive - used to test a hypothesis and find a conclusion

Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of the three stages of cellular respiration.

1. glycolysis - net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

2. citric acid cycle - (reactants) 2 acetyl CoA (products) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH and 2 CO2 released

3. oxidative phosphorylation - (reactants) NADH and FADH, (products) water, 32 ATP

Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

• Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.

• Mitochondria is where ATP is created through respiration.

Compare the structures of plant and animal cells. Note the function of each cell part.

Almost all of the organelles and structures of animal cells are present in plant cells (besides lysosomes, flagella)

-Plant cells have: ~Rigid cell wall that contains cellulose ~Plasmodesmata: cytoplasmic channels through cells walls that connect adjacent cells ~Chloroplasts: photosynthesis occurs ~Central vacuole: a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals

Compare the three domains of life.

Bacteria - most diverse and widespread prokaryotes Archea - prokaryotes in extreme environments Eukarya - only eukaryotes

Consumers

eat other plants and animals to absorb the nutrients

Contrast oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation loses an electron, while reduction gains an electron

Contrast these terms: Atomic Number/Mass Number, Element/Atom, Compound/Molecule.

Atomic Number/Mass Number --The atomic number is the number of protons in each atom of a particular atom. --The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Element/Atom --An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. --An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means. Compound/Molecule --A compound is a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio. --A molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Covalent Bond

a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

Cytosol

thick fluid inside cells

Decomposers

recycle the nutrients back into the environment

Define a chemical reaction and explain how it changes the composition of matter

-A chemical reaction is the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. -Chemical reactions do not create or destroy matter; they only rearrange them in various ways.

Define autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, and photoautotrophs.

autotrophs - make their own food heterotrophs - can't make their own food producers - supplies food for others photoautotrophs - use light energy to make food

Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it.

interactions of the parts of the larger system. Ex: a box of kike parts doesnt do anything but a built bike does

Describe each level of protein folding (1o, 2o, 3o, 4o)

• Primary: one strand of bonds.

• Secondary: beta-pleated sheets (alpha helix)

• Tertiary: mixed of pleating and alpha-helix to crumble up like paper.

• Quaternary: multiple tertiary structures together.

Describe microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules and their function.

• Microfilaments: 7nm, 2 ropes intertwined. It supports the shape of the cell and is involved in motility.

• Intermediate filaments: 10nm, rod-shaped. It finds itself in most animals. It reinforces cell shape and anchors organelles and is often permanent fixtures.

• Microtubules: 25nm, spiral-shaped. It shapes and supports the cell and acts as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins move.

Describe seven properties common to all life

1. Order

2. reproduction

3. growth + development

4. energy + processing

5. response to environment

6. regulation

7. evolutionary adaptation

Describe that structure of water and explain how its shape makes water a polar molecule?

Its structure consists of two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom by a single covalent bond. The electrons of the covalent bonds are not shared equally between the oxygen and hydrogen.

Describe the cytoskeleton.

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that organizes the structures and activities of the cell.

Describe the extracellular matrix of animal cells.

It helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane.

Describe the fluid mosaic structure of cell membranes.

A patchwork of protein molecules imbedding in phospholipid bilayer.

Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells.

• Genetic controls

• Manufacturing distribution and breakdown of materials

• Energy processing

• Structural support, movement, and intercellular communication

Describe the general roles of dehydrogenase, NADH, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration.

Dehydrogenase occurs during redox reaction (oxidizing), NADH is an electron carrier protein that transports electrons to the ETC, passes electrons down hill and pumps hydrogen across membrane which makes a gradient allowing ATP synthase allowing to make ATP (chemiosmosis)

Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere,

molecules organelles cells tissues organs organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere

Describe the process and products of natural selection.

A population can produce more than the environment can support. Survival of the fittest. Those that are traits that are more suitable in the environment are more likely to reproduce and pass down their traits hereditarily.

Describe the structure and functions of plasma membranes.

Plasma membranes form a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings.

Describe the structure of chloroplasts and their location in a leaf.

inside chloroplasts are grana which are stacked thylakoids and surrounding is stroma (fluid), chlorophasts are organized into mesophylls

Disaccharides

made up of two sugars (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Distinguish between a scientific theory and a hypothesis.

Theory - broader than a hypothesis, significant amount of evidence, tested repeatedly Hypothesis - testable, falsifiable, lead to predictions, specific

Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data.

Quantitative - numerical data Qualitative data - observation based data (color, texture)

Distinguish between strict anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.

obligate anaerobes - NO OXYGEN facilitative anaerobes - found function with or without oxygen

Ecosystem

All the organisms in a particular area, as well as the physical components with which life interacts

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down other substances by chemical means

Energy Processing

Organisms take in energy and use it to power all their activities

Energy yield of alcoholic fermentaion

2 ATP

Energy yield of lactic acid fermentation

2 ATP

evaporative cooling

Cooling of a surface due to a substance changing from a liquid to a gas.

Evolutionary Adaptation

Evolve over countless generations as individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success

Explain how cell size is limited (surface area to volume ratio).

It must be large enough to house DNA, proteins, and structures that are needed but small enough to allow for a surface to volume ratio that will work for the environment.

Explain how cells use cellular respiration and energy coupling to survive.

Cellular respiration is when chemical energy stored in molecules is used to produce ATP. Energy coupling uses energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.

Explain how DNA encodes a cell's information.

DNA has 4 building blocks called bases(nucleotides). DNA encodes info through the order of these nucleotides along each strand. All DNA has the same building blocks, but the sequence of DNA is where it differs from person to person. (Unzips and copies)

Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans.

Based on what humans do, evolution will impact different species. Not all changes are good. Bacteria developed a resistance to antibiotics and pests developed a resistance to pesticides.

Explain how the human body uses its daily supply of ATP.

75% maintain a healthy body and 25% is to power physical activities (extra)

Explain how trans fats are formed in food. Describe the evidence that suggests that eating trans fats is more unhealthy than consuming saturated fats

Through hydrogenation (the adding of hydrogen to unsaturated fats to create saturated fats). Trans fats have been shown to increase the risk of coronary artery disease in part by rising levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often termed "bad cholesterol"), lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, often termed "good cholesterol").

Explain the formation of compounds.

A compound of two or more elements chemically bonded to one another.

Explain the reactions of dehydration and hydrolysis.

Dehydration: a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together Hydrolysis: the reverse of dehydration, it literally means break with water, water is used the break down

Explain why individuals cannot evolve.

Evolution occurs through a population over a generation, not through individuals because traits need to be passed down over time.

Flagella

Used for movement for certain cells

Gains an electron

Reduction

Gap Junction

aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells

Gap Junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

Glucose monomer or polymer? Function?

Monomer Short-term energy and the building block of many biological polymers

Glycogen monomer or polymer? Function?

Polymer Energy storage in animals including humans

Growth and Development

Inherited info encoded in DNA controls the pattern of growth and development of all organisms

How are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins used as fuel for cellular respiration?

carbohydrates - sugars break down to glucose and go into glycolysis, fats - hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids and then glycerol converted to G3P which is an intermediate of glycolysis and fatty acids and then converted to acetyl CoA proteins - innervate at pyruvate, acetyl CoA or citric acid cycle *proteins have to be digested to their amino acids

How are isotopes used?

Different isotopes of an element behave identically in chemical reactions. A radioactive isotope is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

How are phospholipid molecules arranged in the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails on the interior of the membrane, and the hydrophilic heads pointing outwards.

How does a cell make a variety of large molecules from a small set of molecules?

The small set of molecules bond together to make a chain, called polymers. This makes a large molecule made up of small identical or similar building blocks strung together, called monomers.

How does this arrangement affect the structure and properties of cell membranes (including the plasma membrane)?

It can enclose a solution that is different in composition from its surroundings.

How is the energy in a glucose molecule released during cellular respiration?

Energy is released when the glucose bonds are broken

Hydrogen Bond

a type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids and then glycerol converted to G3P which is an intermediate of glycolysis and fatty acids and then converted to acetyl CoA

fats

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

innervate at pyruvate, acetyl CoA or citric acid cycle

proteins

Intermediate Filaments

10nm, rod shaped. It finds itself in most animals. It reinforces cell shape and anchors organelles and are often permanent fixtures.

intermediate filaments

Composed of fibrous proteins that supercoil into cable, found in animal cells

Ionic Bond

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Know and describe the life-supporting properties of water.

• the cohesive nature of water

• the ability of water to moderate temperature

• the biological significance of ice floating

• the versatility of water as a solvent.

Know and describe the steps in a scientific investigation.

• Making observations

• Ask a question

• Form a hypothesis

• Test the hypothesis

• Draw Conclusions

• Communicate Results

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Lactic Acid Fermentation Products

2 ATP and 2 lactate

Lactic Acid Fermentation Reactants

glucose, 2 NADH

Loses an electron

Oxidation

Lysosomes

Organelle that compartmentalizes destructive enzymes

make their own food

autotrophs

Mass Number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

Microfilaments

7nm, 2 ropes intertwined. It supports the shape of the cell and is involved in motility.

microfilaments

Solid rods composed mainly of actin, thinnest fiber

Microtubules

25nm, spiral shaped. It shapes and supports the cell and acts as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins move.

microtubules

Straight hollow tubes composed of tubulins, thickest fiber