BYU Anatomy Lecture Exam 3

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

3 main types of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

common origin of all connective tissue

mesenchyme

What kind of connective tissue is blood

fluid connective tissue

functions of blood

transportation, regulation, defense

What does blood transport?

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products

OCNHW
Oh Can nobody Help women

What does blood regulate?

body temp, pH, fluid volume

how does blood protect from infection?

transports infection-fighting antibodies and forms blood clots

composition of blood

55% plasma, 45% formed elements (erythrocytes and 1% buffy coat)

water (composition of plasma)

92%

proteins in plasma

7% by weight
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins

AGFR
America's great for real

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process. Fibrin helps stop bleeding and makes blood clots

albumin

Helps maintain fluid balance in body

globulin

help keep body safe from "intruders"

solutes in plasma

electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products

ENRW
everyones not really well

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

shape of erythrocytes

small biconcave disks (allows gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently)

erythrocytes are filled with

hemoglobin

hemoglobin transports...

O2 and some CO2

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus and organelles?

no

how do RBCs move through blood vessels?

line up in single file and bend as they pass through small vessels

where do erythrocytes form?

red bone marrow

Erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for up to...

120 days

Where are aged erythrocytes phagocytized?

liver, spleen, bone marrow

what does it mean to be phagoctized?

basically cleaned up by the bodies immune system

What happens to old erythrocytes?

broken down and reused to make new erythrocytes

The heme is converted to bilirubin and secreted in bile by the liver

The iron is bound to a transporter protein and recycled back to the bone marrow to synthesize new RBCs

Polycythemia

• Too many erythrocytes in the blood
• Increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart

Anemia

Low levels of erythrocytes or hemoglobin leads to low blood O2 levels

leukocytes

white blood cells

Which is larger: erythrocytes or leukocytes?

leukocytes

do leukocytes have a nucleus and organelles?

yes

What do leukocytes do?

initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens

Diapedesis

WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues

Chemotaxis

WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

2 types of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

3 types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

NEB

2 types of agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

What do neutrophils do?

phagocytize pathogens

What do eosinophils do?

destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions

What do basophils do?

promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin

What do monocytes do?

Exits bloodstream, becomes a macrophage Phagocytizes pathogens and debris

What do lymphocytes do?

Resides in lymphatic tissue
Coordinates immune response
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

leukocytosis

Abnormally high WBC count (results from infection, inflammation, or extreme stress)

leukopenia

low WBC count (results from certain viral or bacterial infections)

leukemia

• Cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow
• Proliferation of abnormal leukocytes
• Cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and platelets, causing anemia and bleeding

Megakayocytes

intermediate cell from myeloid stem cells that are HUGE, they function to break apart or explode into a bunch of platelets

Platelets

aka Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes
Platelets live for 8 to 10 days
Assist in blood clotting

blood clots are formed from...

fibrin, platelets, and trapped erythrocytes

2 types of clotting disorders

thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia

thrombocytosis

high platelet count
results from disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count
Results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen

what determines blood type?

surface antigens

type A antigen

Antigen A

type B antigen

Antigen B

type AB antigen

both A and B antigens

type O antigen

no antigens

Hematopoiesis

production of bloods formed elements

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

erythropoieses

production of red blood cells

Leukopoiesis

production of white blood cells

Thrombopoiesis

production of platelets

erythropoietin

made by the kidney to control erythrocyte production

what forms all blood cells?

hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)

average heartbeats per minute

75

average heartbeats per day

108000

average cardiac output

5.25 L/minute

function of the heart

dual pump for the pulmonary and systemic circuits

heart orientation

-within the mediastinum
-lies on the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum
-base: posterior and superior surface of the heart
-apex: anterior and inferior, points to the left hip

three layers of the pericardium

fibrous, parietal, visceral

serous pericardium

parietal layer and visceral layer

pericardial cavity

contains serous fluid

pericardium functions

-prevents undesired movement
-prevents overfilling of the heart
-reduces friction

layers of the heart wall

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

visceral layer of serous pericardium; simple squamous epithelium

myocardium

cardiac muscle; bulk of the heart wall

endocardium

lines chambers and covers valves; simple squamous epithelium; also called "endothelium"

heart chambers and circuits

atria, ventricles, pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to and from the lungs; right ventricle is the pump

systemic circuit

transports blood to and from the body tissues; left ventricle is the pump

structures of the right atrium

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, interatrial septum, fossa ovalis, pectinate muscles, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, tricuspid valve

structures of the right ventricle

pulmonary trunk, trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, pulmonary valve

structures of the left atrium

interatrial septum, pectinate muscles, bicuspid valve

structures of the left ventricle

aorta, trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, aortic valve

right atrium

receiving chamber for oxygen poor blood from the systemic circuit

two conducting nodes

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node

Where are pacemaker cells located?

sinoatrial node

right ventricle

pump of the pulmonary circuit; ejects oxygen poor blood into the pulmonary trunk

papillary muscles

anchor chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae

prevent valves from everting

left atrium

posterior surface of the heart, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins

left ventricle

forms the apex and inferior surface of the heart; pump of the systemic circuit; ejects oxygen rich blood into the aorta

which chamber is the most muscular?

left ventricle

structure of heart valves

-composed of dense connective tissue
-two or three cusps

function of heart valves

-permit passage of blood in one direction
-prevent backflow of blood

fibrous skeleton

dense connective tissue located between the atria and the ventricles

functions of the fibrous skeleton

separates the atria and ventricles (structurally and electrically), anchors heart valves, framework for cardiac muscle attachment

cardiac muscle tissue

-cells are short, branched, striated, and contain 1-2 nuclei
-cells are joined by intercalated discs (gap junctions and desmosomes)
-more mitochondria and ATP than skeletal muscle

gap junctions

increase flow of electrical current

desmosomes

prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart

conduction system

specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry electrical impulses throughout the heart musculature (interatrial band, sinoatrial node, internodal pathway, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right bundle branch, purkinje fibers, left bundle branch)