I hate this fuckass class study guide 2

What characterized French colonization in North America?

Fur trade, alliances with Native Americans, and settlements in the Ohio River Valley and Northeast.

What characterized English colonization?

Permanent farming settlements on the Atlantic Coast with local government and family migration.

What characterized Spanish colonization?

Mission-based settlement, Catholic conversion, and control of land in the Southwest.

Why did Spain focus on the Southwest?

To expand missions, convert Native peoples, and secure territory.

Why was the Ohio River Valley important to France?

it was central to the fur trade and alliances with Native tribes.

Why did England settle the Atlantic Coast?

For agriculture, trade, and permanent settlement.

What caused conflict between colonial powers and Native groups?

Competing alliances and territorial claims.

Where did American slavery begin?

In the 1600s on Southern plantations.

How did slavery change in the 1700s?

Became racially codified and heavily expanded on plantations.

What defined the Northern colonies?

Trade, shipping, small farms, urban centers, fewer slaves.

What defined the Middle colonies?

Diverse population, grain production, and mixed economy.

What defined the Southern colonies?

Plantation agriculture relying on enslaved labor.

What were conditions like for indentured servants?

Harsh labor, limited rights, low social status.

What was the status of women in the colonies?

Limited legal rights and restricted social roles.

What increased tensions between Britain and the colonies?

Taxes, regulation, and loss of Englishmen's rights.

What led to the Declaration of Independence?

Political divisions and belief Britain abused its power.

What was the Revolutionary War about?

Colonists fighting Britain for independence.

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

No tax power, weak central government, couldn't enforce laws.

Why was Shays' Rebellion important?

Proved the Articles of Confederation were too weak.

Why was the Constitution written?

To create a stronger but balanced government.

What was the major slavery compromise in the Constitution?

The 3

What did Federalists and Anti-Federalists debate?

Strength of federal vs state governments.

What challenges did Washington face as president?

Setting precedents, managing debt, staying neutral.

What defined the Adams administration?

Alien & Sedition Acts and following Washington's policies.

What did Marbury v. Madison establish?

Judicial review, allowing courts to strike down laws.

Why was the election of 1800 significant?

First peaceful transfer of power between parties.

What contradiction defined Jefferson's presidency?

Advocated limited government but expanded power (Louisiana Purchase).

Why did the U.S. fight the War of 1812?

British impressment and interference during the Napoleonic Wars.

What caused the War of 1812?

British blockade, impressment, and conflict over trade.

What did the Missouri Compromise do?

Balanced free and slave states and delayed sectional conflict.

What was the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824?

Adams became president without winning popular or electoral majority.

Why did South Carolina oppose the Tariff of Abominations?

It harmed Southern economy and pushed them toward secession.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

SC claimed states could nullify federal laws; Jackson opposed it.

What was Jackson's Native American policy?

Indian Removal Act and ignoring Supreme Court rulings.

What did the Marshall Court generally support?

Strong federal power and broad use of the Commerce Clause.

What was the National Bank issue about?

Federal control of banking vs states' rights.

What is Manifest Destiny?

Belief the U.S. was destined to expand west to the Pacific.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

First women's rights convention calling for equality and suffrage.

How did Texas gain independence?

Violent rebellion against Mexico before U.S. annexation.

What caused the Mexican-American War?

Border disputes and U.S. annexation of Texas.

What resulted from the Mexican-American War?

U.S. gained California and Southwest territory.

What was the California Gold Rush?

Mass migration west after gold was discovered in 1848-49.

How did the U.S. acquire Oregon?

Treaty with Britain establishing northern boundary.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act do?

Allowed popular sovereignty and led to Bleeding Kansas.

What was "Bleeding Kansas"?

Violent clashes over slavery in Kansas Territory.

Why was Charles Sumner attacked in the Senate?

For criticizing slaveholders and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

What did Dred Scott v. Sanford decide?

African Americans were not citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

Series of laws including stricter Fugitive Slave Act.

What were the Fugitive Slave Laws?

Required return of escaped slaves; angered Northern states.

What did Southerners fear before the Civil War?

That Northern policies threatened slavery and their way of life.

What started the Civil War?

Deep sectional conflict over slavery, politics, and states' rights.

What were major battles of the Civil War?

Fort Sumter, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and more