World History Semester 2

Schlieffen plan

It called for a two front war with France and Russia. Germany would conduct a small holding action against Russia while most of German army would carry out a rapid invasion of France. Rapid invasion of France by moving quickly along the level coastal area through Belgium been to Russia

War of attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and have a losses

Total war

Involves the complete mobilization of resources and people

Reparations

Germany had to pay reparations for all the damages that the Allied govts and their people had sustained b/c of the war

Armistice

A truce, an agreement to end the fighting

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Describe the trenches

Elaborate systems of defense German and French each had hundreds of miles of trenches which were protected by Barbwire and tangle meant to 5 feet high and 30 yards wide concrete machine gun nest another gun battery support for their back by heavy artillery protected the trenches choose to live in holes in the ground no man's land

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Kaiser Wilhelm

Emperor William II, King of Prussia, emperor of Germany, whose political policies led his country into WWI, lost power when Germany lost the war

Czar Nicholas II

Autocratic ruler; relied on the army and bureaucracy to hold up his regime, cut off from events by Gregory Rasputin

Clemenceau

Leader of France; wanted revenge and security against future German attacks; wanted Germany stripped of all weapons, vast German reparations to cover the costs of war, and a separate Rhineland as a buffer state b/t France and Germany

Woodrow Wilson

US President; wanted Fourteen Points (his basis for a peace settlement that justified the enormous military struggle being waged), to create a world organization (the League of Nations) to prevent future wars

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Heir to the Hasbar throne of Austria hungry and his wife visited Sarajevo in Bosnia. Group of conspirators waited there in streets

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty w/ Germany after WWI (conditions put on Germany partially led to WWII)

Causes of WWI (5)

Militarism, imperialism, nationalism, alliances, and internal dissent

Propagandist impact

Stirred the national hatreds before the war. Most people seem genuinely convinced that their nations cause was just

Main goal of the Treaty of Versailles

Make Germany pay for WWI

Impact of total war

It affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries

Guerrilla tactics

Used by Mao Zedong against Chiang Kai-skek, unexpected methods like sabotage and deception to fight the enemy

Armenians

Group the Ottoman Turks persecuted and enacted a genocide against during WWI

Pan-Africanism

A movement led by Garvey to unify all Africans

Ibn Saud

Reform leader that united Arabs in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Uganda oppressive ruler.

Sun Yat-sen

Leader of the Nationalists in China

Mohandas Gandhi

Main revolutionary who supported the use of non-violent tactics in India during the Indian Independence movement

Long March

Mao-Zedong's people liberation army, marched 60,000 miles to reach the last surviving communist base

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of the Vietnamese Communists

Balfour Declaration

Issued by the British govt hoping to win Jewish support from the Allies, expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewish peoples living there

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist Chinese leader

Chou En-Lai

Premier and Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China. Popular and practical administrator during the Great Leap Forward of 1958 and later pushed for modernization to undo damage caused by the Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976.

Joseph Stalin

Gained power in the Soviet Union following Lenin's death and became a brutal dictator focused on industrialization and farm collectivization

The group the Ottomans committed genocide against

Armenians

Main revolutionary that supported the use of non-violent tactics

Mohandas Gandhi

Aryan

The German superior race

Third Reich

The empire of Nazi Germany

Treaty of Locarno

Guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium

Heinrich Himmler

Leader of the SS, in charge of German resettlement plans in the East

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending schools or universities, holding govt jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books

Lebensraum

When Hitler invaded and annexed Slavic territory in Czechoslovakia to make "living space" for Nazis

Totalitarian

A govt that aims to control all aspects of its citizens' lives

Francisco Franco

Led fascist military forces to power in Spain following the brutal Spanish Civil War

New Economic Policy

The modified version of the old capitalist system; peasants allowed to sell their produce only and retail stores could be privately owned and operated; heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of govt (Lenon)

Vladimir Lenin

Father of communist Russia, gained power in 1918 and ruling the Soviet Union until his death in 1924

Five Year Plans

Emphasized maximum production of military equipment and capital goods, plan quadrupled production of heavy machinery and doubled oil production

14 points

speech by Woodrow Wilson during the WWI for reparations of Germany

Reichstag

German Parliament (Nazi Germany)

Communism

a system of government, a classless society. Developed by Karl Marx. Property is publicly owned & operated.

Nationalism

pride in one's country

Darwinism

the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.

Various main Nazi views of Hitler

Aryan race and land in Europe.

Intentions of Stalin's Five Year Plans

Transform Russia virtually overnight from an agricultural into an industrial country

Intentions of Lenin's New Economic Policy

Free market and capitalism

Groups that supported Franco militarily

Italy and Germany

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938

Demilitarized

Elimination or prohibition of weapons, fortifications, and other military installations

Blitzkrieg

German for "lightning war," a swift and sudden military attack, used by the Germans during WWII

Appeasement

Satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability

Genocide

Deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group

Einsatzgruppen

Special strike forces that carried out Nazi plans

Ghettos

Where Polish Jews were rounded up, families crowded together in unsanitary housing, Nazis tried starving residents through minimal amounts of food

Holocaust

Mass slaughter of European Jews during WWII

Auschwitz

Largest extermination camp in Poland

Adolf Hitler

leader of Nazi Germany

Benito Mussolini

Dictator who emerged in Italy, setting up the first European fascist movement and state

Josef Stalin

Gained power in the Soviet Union following Lenin's death and became a brutal dictator focused on industrialization and farm collectivization

Winston Churchill

British statesman and leader during WWII

Beliefs of Hitler regarding the will of Western powers to enforce the Treaty of Versailles

Thought they had no intentions of using force against Germany

Choices Japan made in 1940 regarding Indochina's raw materials and US oil

Launched surprise attacks on US and European colonies in SE Asia

Turning point for the war in Europe

November 1942-Febuary 1943, Soviets launched counterattack, German troops stopped and were forced to surrender at Stalingrad

Turning point for the war in the Pacific

The Battle of Midway Islands

Conditions of victory for the Allies

Soviet and British-American forces would meet in defeated Germany along a North-South dividing line; Soviet forces would liberate Eastern Europe; Allies agreed to partition of a postwar Germany; postwar Germany was divided in 4 zones (US, GB, France, and Soviet Union) to occupy and govern, also divided Berlin; Nazi leaders were tried and condemned at trials in Nuremburg, Germany (also held in Japan and Italy)

No Dinh Diem

The South Vietnamese Non communist leader

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. (Built country up)

Proxy War

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

Great Leap Forward

• Mao Zedong's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture

Marshall Plan

The European Recovery Plan in assistance to build Europe

Truman Doctrine

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Berlin Wall

Wall separating East and West Berlin

Reasons why the US and USSR became rivals in WWII

Free elections and communism

Goals of Truman Doctrine

to stop communism

Objectives of the Marshall plan?

US to provide aid to European nations in need.

Purpose of the Berlin Wall

To stop the flow of refugees from East Germany to West Berlin

principle of nonalignment

Refusal to align with the US or the USSR, instead joining other developing countries

Pan-Arabism

to unite all Arabs based on their common language and culture

Zionism

Returning of jews to the homeland

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian politician that was part of islamic clergy

Sadam Hussein

Leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait for oil. ruthless

Mujahdeen

Anti-Soviet rebels in Afghanistan

Al Qaeda

the base for westerners to be ousted by Muslims

Taliban

Islamic group that captured Kabul in 1996

Six Days War

Also known as Arab-Israeli War. Fought by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan and Syria.

Palestine Liberation Organization

Made to represent Palestinian interests

Intifada

Uprising by the PLO in the Gaza strip and West Bank

Shah

king (used in Persia and Iran)

Nelson Mandela

1st black president of South Africa led movement against Apartheid

Idi Amin

Oppressive leader in Uganda deposed 1979

Desmond Tutu

Bishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner, helped free Nelson Mandela.

Leopold Senghor

Senegal's first president who served as president from 1960 to 1980. Supported Pan-African ism

Joseph Mobutu

Chief of staff of Congo armed forces