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Head-to-toe (growth and development progression)
Cephalocaudal
Trunk to tips of extremities (growth and development progression)
Proximodistal
crawling —> walking —> dancing
general to specific growth and development
fast (infancy) slow (toddler) slow (school-age) fast (adolesence)
periods of growth
birth 12-15 months: Head
infancy
12month-4yrs: trunk grows faster
toddler growth period
increase in size, doesn’t necessarily include development
growth
maturation of structures, includes growth
development
5yrs-12yrs: limbs grow faster
school-age growth period
13yrs-20yrs: rapid growth for trunk (height)
adolescence growth period
trust vs mistrust
1
autonomy vs shame
2
initiative vs guilt
3
industry vs inferiority
4
identity vs role confusion
5
trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame, initiative'/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role inferirority
Erickson’s personality development order
0-12months: consistent love and care
trust vs mistrust
1-3yrs: independence “me do it”
autonomy vs shame (think: wants to potty train but has accidents)
3-6yrs: conscience “inner voice”
initiative vs guilt (think: 1st grade teachers say “take initiative”)
6-12yrs: achievement, social
industry vs role inferiority (thnk: middle school “I want to grow up to be an industry worker!”)
12-19yrs: self-concept develops
identify vs role confusion
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete-operations, formal-operations
Piaget cognitive development order
earns through international with environment
sensorimotor
egocentric, magical thinking, non-logical
pre-operational
world is concrete and tangible
concrete-operations
adaptability and flexibility, abstract though develops
formal-operational
7-8lbs (influenced by genetics/nutrition of mom)
average newborn weight
double birth weight
5 months
triple birth weight
1 year
20 inches
normal avg. newborn height/length
birth length is doubled by how old?
4 years old
over the brow (frontal) and around most prominent portion of head (occipital) to obtain accurate measure
head circumference (FOC) 0-36 months
special considerations for children whose metal age and physical age differ
mental age
must consider if doesn’t match their chronological age
developmental age
smiles, turns head towards sound, begins to hold head up
infant 0-3 months
crib safety (empty), SIDS “Back to Sleep”, car seats (rear facing until 2 yrs), bath safety (never alone)
infant 0-3 months safety
laughs, discerns one face from another, stranger anxiety, rolls over, rakes objects with hand, sits with support (5-6 months)
infant 4-6 moths
imitates faces, understands “no" at 9 months, sits without assistance, object permanence, crawling, babbles, puts EVERYTHING in mouth, self-feeds (cheerios), develops a pincer grasp
infant 7-9 moths
tests caregivers’ reactions, points/reacts to look at object names, responds to simple verbal commands, learning thorugh increased interaction, says “mama” and “dada,” says about 5 words but understands MORE, cruises w/ push toy, fist steps about 12 months, claps/waves/pats
infants 10-12 months
no microwaving breast milk, introduce cup at 9-12 months, solid foods introduced about 6 months, at 12 months can begin cows milk (no earlier), whole milk for first 2 yrs of life (myelination of brain) —> 2% or skim not adequate source of fat
diet and nutrition 0-12 months
12mn = 5 words, 2yrs - 2-3 word sentences, 3yrs = 11,000 words per day (chatterbox), no talk at 3 = tell pediatrician, separation anxiety, potty training, transitional objects (blankies, stuffed animals), curious!
Dev. milestone: toddler 1-3 yrs
Let them learn about environment safely! Requires CONSTANT supervision
Dev. milestone: toddler 1-3 yrs SAFETY
imaginary playmate, uses 3-4 word sentences, pronouns = difficult, concrete thinkers, use easy lingo (healthcare lingo is scarry and confusing), let child play with medical equipment, appropriate toys (dolls, sandbox, water, blocks, crayons, clay, fingerpaint)
dev. milestone: preschool 3-5yrs
swimming (drowning)
wheel toys (helmets)
car seats (accidents)
dev. milestone: preschool 3-5yrs SAFETY
play with peers, first true friends, group activities, sense of right and wrong/understands rules, stranger safety (stranger danger), water safety/firearm safety, peer contact importance (inappropriate touch), onset of puberty at 10-12 yrs
dev. milestone: school-age 6-12yrs
accidents are a major cause of disability in shcol-age child
school-age 6-12yrs accidents
peer pressure, vaping has become serious concern
dev. milestone: adolescent 13-18yrs (friends/peers/relationships/independence)
breast dev. in females, facial hair for boys, underarm/pubic hair growth, hormones, hormones, HORMONES!!!!
dev. milestones: adolescents 13-18 yrs (body image)
college, career/occupation
dev. milestone: adolescent 13-18yrs FUTURE PLANS
motor vehicle accidents are leading cause of death
dev. milestone: adolescents 13-18yrs SAFETY
3rd leading cause of death
dev. milestone: adolescents 13-18 SUISIDE
promote independence and self-care, respect and maintain privacy, provide emotional support
dev. milestones: adolescents 13-18yrs communication/hospitalization
chronological and developmental age, what is the child’s baseline when assessing milestones
key notes to remember