The force between molecules, the force that holds them together.
Determines physical properties (boiling point, melting point, density).
3 main forces: Dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, london dispersion forces
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Dipole-Dipole forces
only polar molecules since charges are required
opposite charges attract and connect to each other
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Hydrogen bonding
applies to compounds with N-H, O-H, H-F
one of the stronger forces
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London dispersion forces
weaker forces
includes non-polar molecules
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Hydrogen bonding in water
hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted towards oxygen atom of neighboring water molecule. Hydrogen bonds also give water high surface tension dur to their cohesive forces and electrostatic attraction with each other.
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ionic compound
tight formed bond by ions (atoms or molecules) of the opposite charge being positive and negative which are usually a metal and nonmetal
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positive ions are referred to as?
cation
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negative ions are referred to as?
anions
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why do ions dissociate and dissolve in water and what does it create
ions have a strong attraction to water molecules and create a hydrated ion when dissociating and dissolving
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neutralization reactions
reaction that contains an acid and a base to form water and a salt, involving H+ and OH- ions
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heat capacity of water
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of that sample by one degree Celsius
takes 4184 joules of heat to raise temp of 1kg of water to one degree
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density of water as a liquid vs solid
less dense as ice (solid) than as liquid because molecules arrange themselves in a rigid tetrahedral structure in ice, but water molecules remain in linear bonding form
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polar molecules
when atoms have significantly different electronegativities and do not share electrons equally
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hydrophobic molecules
typically covalent compounds
do not dissolve in water (oil, wax, fats) tend to repel or not absorb water
non-polar
attract other neutral molecules and nonpolar solvents
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non-polar molecules
electronegativity difference is less than 0.5
alkynes and noble gases
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hydrophilic molecules
ions, alcohols
often charges and capable of hydrogen bonding
dissolve in water more quickly
hydrophilic substances have the ability to draw water out of the air naturally by acting as attractants for it
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van der waals forces
forces that attract and repel neutral molecules to and from one another
strength is dependent on size, shape and polarity
caused by correlations in fluctuating polarizations of nearby particles
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types of van der waals forces
electrostatic
induction
dispersion
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dehydration
when you use up or lose more fluid than you take in
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condensation reaction
two molecules combine to form a single molecule with the loss of a small molecule, usually water
AKA dehydration synthesis if water is also lost
used to make crucial large molecules called macromolecules in body such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
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hydrolysis reactions
when molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
used for substitution, elimination, solvation reactions
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nucleophile
chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair
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redox reaction
AKA oxidation-reduction
involves transfer of reactions between 2 species
number of molecule atom or ion changes by gaining or losing electrons