Biology 9 weeks exam

The four compounds are

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic acids

Macromolecules are made by

removing a water molecule from two polymers in a process called dehydration synthesis

Process of Hydrolysis

adds a molecule of water to break down larger molecules into smaller monomers

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide:

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Carbohydrates Disaccaride:

Sucrose and Lactose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides:

Glucose and Cellulose

Carbohydrates Function

short term energy storage

Lipids Monomer:

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Lipids Polymer:

Fats and Oils

Lipids Function:

Long term energy storage, makes up the plasma membrane as phospholipids, hormones messenger

Nucleic Acid Monomers:

Nucleotides made of sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base

Nucleic Acid Polymer:

DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid Function:

Store and transmit hereditary information

Protein Monomers:

Amino acids

Protein Polymer:

Chains of amino acids a.k.a polypeptides

Protein Function:

act as enzymes, hormones, and transporters. Enzymes speed up reactions but are affected by pH and temperature.

Structure if an Amino Acid

Can be identified by a nitrogen atom also the R in the structure different elements that make up 20 different kids of amino acids

Enzymes

are a special group of proteins that act acts catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions, lower the energy to activate the chemical reaction

Hydrolysis

a large substrate being broke down into 2 smaller products

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells make energy from glucose, with the help of oxygen. Occurs in the mitochondria

Light energy

Transferred to the bonds in a molecule of glucose

Active Transport

When cell is using energy to move substances across the cell membrane

Protein Pumps

Moved individual ions across the membrane against the concentration gradient

Homologous Chromosomes

they carry genes that code for the same types of traits

Passive Transport

Moves molecules across the membrane through diffusion

Diffusion

moves molecules from high to low concentration. Substances that dissolve in liquids can easily diffuse across the liquid barrier

Facilitated diffusion

Substances that are larger, like glucose, or electrically charge, like ions, will move across the protein channel

Lipids

Nucleic Acid

Pyrimidines

Single rings

Purines

Double Rings

Subunits of DNA

Nucleotides, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine

Polymerase

is like glue

Prokaryotic

Single-celled organisms that dont have a nucleus or other membrane-bonds also located in the cytoplasm and also bacteria and archea

Rough ER

Transport Protein

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, house cell DNA

Lysosome

Contains strong digestive enzymes

Golgi Complex

Modifies and packages proteins

Makes proteins for the cell

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Site of various chemical reaction

Chloroplast

Make sugar and oxygen using the process of Photosynthesis

Smooth ER

Makes Lipids

Living things smallest to largest

Organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism

Eukaryotic

Single-called or multicellular and includes animals, plants fungi, and protests also have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Cell membrane / Plasma membrane

Regulates what enters and exits the cell/ semi-permeable

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other stuff

Cohesion

Water molecules stick together because they are attached to each other

High specific heat

it takes a lot of energy to rise the temperature of water

Good at cooling organisms

When you sweat, it cools you off because water takes a lot of heat energy with it as it evaporates

High heat evaporation

It takes a lot of heat energy to make liquid water molecules evaporate as gas molecules