Criminal justice notes

The model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes efficacy, speed, and finality and the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of offenders is called the…

Crime control model

According to the test, which of the following favor stricter enforcement of the law?

Conservatives

According to the text, which of the following argue that stronger crime control measures endanger the values of due process?

Liberals

Crimes, such as gambling or prostitution, that are not “wrong in themselves” but are prohibited by the government are called…

Mala Prohibita

Crimes committed in the context of a legal business or profession are called…

Occupational Crime

Criminal acts often termed “street crime” or “ordinary crime” that are the least profitable and least protected are called…

Visible Crime

The term referring to the idea that much more crime occurs that is reported to police is called…

Dark Figure of Crime

What is TRUE concerning we reduce crime?

The UCR & NCVS blur and distort measurements because of differences in how crime is measured by each

According to the lifestyle exposure who is most likely to be victimized because where they live and how they spend their leisure time?

Young males

Which is TRUE concerning race and crime victims?

African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes.

Which of the following is more closely linked to exposure to crime?

Living near or in a city

A type of social process theory that stressed that social links keep people in line with accepted normed (or conventional society) is called…

Control theory

In relation to men, women commit…

Less

Which of the following theories involves the use of criminal law to control society’s poor and have-nots?

Social Conflict Theory

Which of the following is contained in the Fifth Amendment?

Right to remain silent

A criminal activity where family and peers are primary influences is called…

Learning theory

What are the three types of social process theories?

Learning, control, and labeling

The concept of dividing power between a central (national) government and a regional (state) government is called…

Federalism

The authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead one’s own judgement is referred to as…

Discretion

In the 1980s, which of the following statements is true concerning the U.S Supreme Court’s treatment of the exclusionary rule?

The Court created exceptions to limit the applicability of the rule

The determination of whether or not a defendant is guilty is called…

Adjudication

What layer of the criminal justice wedding cake involves celebrated cases that are highly unusual with great public attention resulting in a jury trial?

Top

The criminal justice wedding cake shows that…

Different cases receive different kinds of treatment.

A court order issued by a judge authorizing police officers to make arrests or search premises is called…

Warrant

The defendants whose chares are not dropped ultimately…

plead guilty

Aggressive patrol is a strategy designed to maximize police activity within a community by cracking down on low-level offending in order to reduce serious crime. This strategy is linked most closely with the theory of…

Broken windows

The processes followed by police, prosecutors, and judges as well as the rights possessed by suspects and defendants are defined by…

Procedural criminal law

Which of the following indicates that for a crime to occur there must be an act of commission by the accused?

ACTUS REUS

For an act to be a crime, the intent and the act must exist simultaneously. This is called…

Concurrence

Which amendment protects privacy by barring unreasonable searches by police?

Fourth

The privilege against self-incrimination is found in that…

Fifth

In 1285, England developed a system in which individuals were chosen within each community to arrest criminals. This was established by the…

Statute of Winchester

Which historical era are influenced by the Progressives?

The professional era

Which of the following is NOT an element of the model of professional policing?

 the police force should not be actively involved in politics.

When police arrest subway fare-beaters, loiterers, and panhandlers, they are focusing upon…

quality of life crime

Throughout the United States, police are characterized by….

 fragmentation and a local orientation. 

If police officers provide first aid, rescue animals, or help the homeless, this is an example of which police function?

Service

Which of the following is TRUE about the use of discretion by a police officer?

the closer the relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim

A strategy for addressing domestic violence that is supported by the Minneapolis Domestic violence experiment is…

Make arrests in all cases

When a group shares symbols, beliefs, and attitudes, this is referred to as a(n)

subculture

The extent to which departments create specialized units depends upon…

the size of the city and the police force

When calls for service are the main investigators of police actions, this is called…

incident-driven policing

Which of the following is TRUE about measuring police productivity?

 the clearance rates and crime rate do not give an accurate picture.

A brief interference with a person’s freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes is called…

Stop

A significant deprivation of liberty because a person is taken into police custody, transported to the police station or jail, and processes into the criminal justice system is called a(n)…

Arrest

Which of the following is not part of the Miranda warnings?

 **the right to a speedy trial.** 

For the purpose of apprehending criminal offenders, which of the following is TRUE concerning response times of police officers reporting to the scene of a crime?

It makes a little difference whether the police arrive in two minutes or twenty minutes

Which unit in a police department receives and investigates complaints against officers?

Internal affairs

What type of force may the police employ in carrying out their jobs?

Legitimate and reasonable

The U.S. district courts exist….

to handle trial-level federal cases

The criterion for deciding whether evidence is strong enough to uphold an arrest is called…

Probable cause

The court appearance of an accused person where the charges are read is called a(n)….

arraignment

Most felony arrests are decided by a(n)…

guilty plea

Which of the following is NOT a factor in how the judge determines the amount of the bail?

Admissibility of evidence gathered by the police.

Which of the following is NOT a name given to a prosecuting attorney?

Public defender

When a prosecutor freely makes a decision to drop charges, either as a whole or in part, this is called…

Nolle prosequi

Prosecutors are considered to have the central role in the justice process because…

they have exchange relations with many other actors.

Which one of the following is unlimited in voir dire?

Challenges for cause

Which of the following is true concerning prosecutors in Germany?

 they are not preoccupied with winning every case.

During a trial, who carries the burden of proving legal guilt?

Prosecution disclosing all their evidence to the defense

What best describes the role of the prosecutor in Germany?

elected representatives of the people

Mandatory discovery is…

 discovery that has to be given to other party without asking. It can be found in local rules or federal rules.

The television image of defense attorneys as strong advocates for all their clients is based upon the…

due process model

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the local legal

criminal defendant

Which best describes how often cases are plea bargained?

a vast majority of cases are plea bargained

A bench trial is presided over by…

a judge

A legal petition requesting that a judge examine whether an individual is being properly detained is called a(n)…

writ of habeas corpus.

How many U.S Supreme Court Justices are there?

nine 

Which of the following is true about incarceration?

State

Which of the following is true regarding the lower courts in their attempt to process a large mass of cases?

the vast majority of defendants will plead “guilty”

Felony cases are processed and offenders are sentenced in courts of…

General jusidiction

In recent years, dozens of people have been released from prison when their innocence was discovered through the use of…

DNA testing

Probation officers play a role in sentencing by…

Preparing the pre-sentence report for the judge.

The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects against…

excessive bail

What type of jury is subjected to voir dire?

Trial jury

In the United States, the first creation of penitentiaries occurred in the state of…

New York and Pennsylvania

Within the criminal justice system, most convicted offenders are in

community corrections

A temporary release of an inmate for a 2-3 day visit home is referred to as

prison furlough

Which of the following is TRUE concerning prison rates in Europe compared to the United States?

United States has a higher incarceration rate

Which of the following is TRUE regarding community corrections that have committed offenses that are not serious?

offenders assigned to community corrections have committed offenses that are not serious.

FBI data show that crime is continually increasing over the past decade

false

Minorities experience much higher rates of incarceration than the white majority

true

The prosecutor is often described as the most powerful actor in the criminal justice system.

true

Criminal and civil proceedings may arise from the same crime without jeopardizing double jeopardy.

true

Every police department has the same number of vice and juvenile units.

false

The criterion for deciding if evidence is strong enough to uphold an arrest is called probable cause.

true

Most local prosecutors are appointed by the state’s governor.

true

Because trials are so infrequent, defense attorneys’ working lives tend to be quite different than the lives of attorney as portrayed on television.

true

Inmates can qualify for grants and loans to pay for college courses during their incarceration

false

The term “prison” and “jail” can be used interchangeable (i.e., the terms mean the same thing).

true

Neighbors Against Drugs (NAD) is credited with the arrest and incarceration of several narcotics dealers.

true

Defendants have the option to choose a bench trial, a judge without a jury.

true

The substantial majority of cases go to trial

false

A difficulty with the goal of deterrence is that it assumes criminals to be rational.

true

Most of the time sentences are based on the written work of probation officers.

true

A basic principle of the Pennsylvania System was an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners.

false

Under the New York System, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.

true

Jails ae typically populated with poorly educated and low income people.

true

Judges have more discretion with determinate sentencing structures.

true

Today, all states allow the use of capital punishment.

false