chapter 12/13

psychopathology

Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals.

hallucinations

are false sensory experiences, such as seeing or hearing things that are not there.

delusions

false beliefs; 3 types are delusions of "grandeur, persecution, reference," grandeur is believing you are the best, persecution is people plotting against you, and reference is everything is focused on you

affect

A term referring to emotion or mood.

medical model

The view that mental disorders are diseases that, like ordinary physical diseases, have objective physical causes and require specific treatments.

psychological view

a school of thought or a philosophy which would guide someone's interpretation of an individual's behavior

insanity

A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to conform his or her behavior to the law.

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition; it is the most widely used system for classifying mental disorders ("psychiatric bible"). It organizes them by mental and behavioral symptoms.

psychosis

A disorder involving profound disturbances in perception, rational thinking, or affect.

major depressive disorder

A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability

major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

characterized by recurrent episodes of depression in late fall and winter, alternating with periods of normal mood the rest of the year

bipolar disorder

(formerly known as manic-depression); a mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression.

mania

a state of excitement, overactivity, and psychomotor agitation, often accompanied by overoptimism, grandiosity, or impaired judgment

anxiety disorder

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

specific phobia

a persistent, excessive fear, or irrational fear of a particular object or situation. The fear must lead to avoidance behavior that interferes with the affected person's normal life.

agoraphobia

a fear of public or open spaces

panic disorder

A disturbance marked by panic attacks that have no obvious connection with events in the person's present experience. Unlike generalized anxiety disorder, the victim is usually free of anxiety between panic attacks.

social phobia

an anxiety disorder that is characterized by extreme and persistent social anxiety or performance anxiety and that causes significant distress or prevents participation in social activities

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities (work, finance, school, relationships, etc.) that lasts for at least 6 months

preparedness hypothesis

Martin Seligman; this suggests that we carry an innate biological tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

also called the "doubting disease", a condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors.

somatic symptom disorder

the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms

conversion disorder

(former called hysteria) - psychological stress causes physical symptoms

illness anxiety disorder

(former called hypochondriasis); people worry excessively about their health, without any reason

dissociative disorders

separating certain personality components or mental processes from conscious thought

dissociative amnesia

(repression); partial or total loss of memory usually resulting from a traumatic experience

dissociative fugue

if amnesia is combined with travel (people will flee their homes, families, and jobs)

depersonalization/derealization disorder

a sensation that mind and body have separated

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

formerly called multiple personality disorder - involved the existence of two or more personalities within a single individual

anorexia nervosa

involves a persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual's health and stems from emotional or psychological reasons rather than from organic causes

bulimia nervosa

("Binge and Purge" syndrome); the sufferer overeats and then attempts to lose weight by means of self-induced vomiting, laxative use, or fasting

schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions. It occurs on a spectrum that ranges from mild to severe.

diathesis-stress hypothesis

biological factors may place the individual at risk for schizophrenia, the identical twin has a 50 percent chance of developing it.

personality disorders

Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control.

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

antisocial personality disorder

Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others.

borderline personality disorder

An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior.

neurodevelopmental disorders

multifaceted conditions characterized by impairments in cognition, communication, behavior, and/or motor skills resulting from abnormal brain development

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a developmental disorder of variable severity that is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communicattion and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior

dyslexia

A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period. a common problem in children who have difficulty controlling their behavior and focusing their attention.

psychotherapy

a collaborative treatment based on the relationship between an individual and a psychologist

psychological therapies

Therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotherapy."

biomedical therapies

Treatments that focus on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy.

insight therapies

psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients understand their problems

talk therapies

Psychotherapies that focus on communicating and verbalizing emotions and motives to understand their problems.

psychoanalysis

An approach to psychology based on Sigmund Freud's assertions, which emphasize unconscious processes. The term is used to refer broadly both to Freud's psychoanalytic theory and to his psychoanalytic treatment method.

transference

a patient's displacement or projection onto the analyst of those unconscious feelings and wishes originally directed toward important individuals, such as parents, in the patient's childhood

neo-freudian psychodynamic therapies

Therapies for mental disorder that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with others.

humanistic therapies

Treatment techniques based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others.

client-centered therapy

reflection of feeling

Carl Rogers's technique of paraphrasing the clients' words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed.

cognitive therapy

Emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion, motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder

group therapy

Any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time; often done from a humanistic perspective.

self-help support groups

Groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists.

family therapy

A form of psychotherapy that focuses the treatment on the process between family members that supports and sustains symptoms.

behavior modification

Another term for behavior therapy.

behavior therapy

Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

systematic desensitization

A behavioral therapy technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus.

exposure therapy

A form of desensitization therapy in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus).

aversion therapy

As a classical conditioning procedure, aversive counterconditioning involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant stimulation in order to condition revulsion (used for substance use, paraphilias)

contingency management

An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior.

participant modeling

A social-learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A newer form of psychotherapy that combines the techniques of cognitive therapy with those of behavior therapy.

rational-emotive behavior (REBT)

Albert Ellis's brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders.

psychopharmacology

The prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness ostensibly to ensure that individuals are more receptive to talk therapies.

antipsychotic drugs

Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain.

tardive dyskinesia

An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs.

antidepressant drugs

Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain.

lithium carbonate

A simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood swings of bipolar disorder.

antianxiety drugs

A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.

stimulants

Drugs that arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses.

psychosurgery

The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A treatment used primarily for depression and involving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure. Sometimes called "shock treatment"

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure

therapeutic community

Jones's term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients.

Deinstitutionalization

The policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals.

Community mental health movement

An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group homes.

explain the significance of the rosenhan study?

Doctors did not figure it out but other patients knew. The terms abnormal, disorder, and mental illness still carry meanings that can prevent us from seeing people with psychological problems as individuals.

what is the spectrum of mental disorder?

ranges from the absence of signs of pathology to severe disturbances

what greek physician declared that abnormal behavior was attributable to an imbalance of fluids in the body?

hippocrates

during the middle ages, what was mental illness attributed to?

demons, spirits, supernatural powers

list the 5 indicators of abnormality

distress, maladaptiveness, irrationality, unpredictability, unconventionality/undesirable behavior

define etiology

cause

how is the dsm-5 organized?

By mental and behavioral symptoms

how are psychological disorders classified in the dsm 5

1. it lays out criteria for 300+ mental disorders

2. common language for description of psychopathology

3. it has close ties to the medical model of medical illness

4. the chapter organization reflects a lifespan approach with diseases more frequently diagnosed in childhood

5 improvements made to the dsm-5

1. it acknowledges that mental disorders can change over time

2. symptoms and course of mental disorders exhibit gender differences

3. mental problems lie on a spectrum from "normal" to severely dysfunctional

4. recognizes that certain symptoms may be found in different types of mental disorders

5. most patients present symptoms of multiple disorders

3 points of controversy surrounding dsm-5

1. it classifies disorders by symptoms not underlying causes

2. every dsm-5 diagnosis relies on subjective clinical judgment

3. psychologists are uncomfortable with the idea of mental disorders being conceptualized as "diseases" and incorporated into the medical model.

what is one of the major characteristics of psychosis?

out of touch with reality

what disorder is called the doubting disease?

ocd

what is the most common disorder of all major mental disturbances?

major depressive disorder