SC10 - physics final
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Last updated 6:57 AM on 6/6/23
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1
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examples of simple machines + form of energy
\-elastic band
→ elastic potential energy + mechanical kinetic energy
\-sea saw (level)
→ gravitational potential energy
→ elastic potential energy + mechanical kinetic energy
\-sea saw (level)
→ gravitational potential energy
2
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energy transformations def
\-ex
\-ex
change to DIFFERENT forms of energy
\-light bulb (electrical potential energy → electrical kinetic energy → thermal + radient)
\-light bulb (electrical potential energy → electrical kinetic energy → thermal + radient)
3
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energy transfer def
\+ ex
\+ ex
SAME form of energy, to different items
\-pool ball (stick → first ball → other balls)
\-pool ball (stick → first ball → other balls)
4
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what makes a efficient lightbulb
\-properties + energies?
\-properties + energies?
less hot bc less thermal energy wasted =
more radient energy
more radient energy
5
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why is the first hill on roller coaster the fastest
after the first hill, total energy is “wasted” into unusable thermal + sound
→ bc total energy is same, mechanical energy is less = hills after needs to be smaller
→ bc total energy is same, mechanical energy is less = hills after needs to be smaller
6
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system def
\-ex
\-ex
anything under observation
\-ex. from bungee jumping = person+cord
\-ex. chemical reaction
\-ex. from bungee jumping = person+cord
\-ex. chemical reaction
7
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surrounding def
\-ex.
\-ex.
anything NOT part of system
\-ex. anything else in universe
\-ex. anything else in universe
8
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kinetic energy def
\-faster object moves means more/less?
\-heavier object means more/less
\-faster object moves means more/less?
\-heavier object means more/less
energy of motion
\-more KE
\-more KE
\-more KE
\-more KE
9
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potential energy def
stored energy of an object bc of its position or condition
10
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KE Ă©quation w/ units
KE = (1/2) x (m) x (v^2)
m = mass in kg
v = velocity in m/s
KE = kinetic energy in Joules
m = mass in kg
v = velocity in m/s
KE = kinetic energy in Joules
11
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GPE equation w/ units
GPE = (m) x (g) x (h)
m = mass in kg
g = gravity in m/s^2
h = change in height in metres
m = mass in kg
g = gravity in m/s^2
h = change in height in metres
12
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convert
\-g to KG
\-cm to METRES
\-g to KG
\-cm to METRES
\-divide g by 1000 = kg
\-divide cm by 100 = m
\-divide cm by 100 = m
13
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british columbia uses what energy
hydroelectric energy
14
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types of kinetic energy (5)
\-motion/mechanical
\-radient
\-thermal
\-sound
\-electrical
\-radient
\-thermal
\-sound
\-electrical
15
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types of potential energy (6)
\-gravitational
\-chemical
\-elastic
\-electrical
\-magnetic
\-nuclear
\-chemical
\-elastic
\-electrical
\-magnetic
\-nuclear
16
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motion/mechanical energy def
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy of objects in motion that r larger than atoms + molecules
\-kinetic
\-ex. me
\-kinetic
\-ex. me
17
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radient energy def
\-aka what
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-aka what
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy of electromagnetic waves that travel/radiate from energy source
\-we can see..?
\-kinetic
\-ex. lightbulb
\-we can see..?
\-kinetic
\-ex. lightbulb
18
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thermal energy
\-K or P + why
\-more ____ = _____ particles = ____ thermal energy
\-ex.
\-K or P + why
\-more ____ = _____ particles = ____ thermal energy
\-ex.
energy of motion of atoms/molecules in substance
\-kinetic molecule theory
→ particles inside are moving around
\-more hot = faster particles = more thermal energy
\-ex. hot water
\-kinetic molecule theory
→ particles inside are moving around
\-more hot = faster particles = more thermal energy
\-ex. hot water
19
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sound energy
\-K or P
\-ex. drum
\-K or P
\-ex. drum
energy of vibrations or disturbances of particles that make up matter → travels as pressure wave → wave pass through substance, particles collide away from source
\-we can hear
\-kinetic , string move, wave move
\-ex. drum
\-we can hear
\-kinetic , string move, wave move
\-ex. drum
20
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electrical (k) energy
\-ex.
\-ex.
energy of movement/flow of electrons (which carry a charge) moving along wire or conductor
\-ex. outlet to lightbulb
\-ex. outlet to lightbulb
21
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gravitational energy
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy stored due to object’s mass and height
\-potential
\-ex. smth on top of large hill
\-potential
\-ex. smth on top of large hill
22
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chemical energy
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy stored in bonds between atoms in compound
\-potential
\-ex. food, fossil fuels, firefly
\-potential
\-ex. food, fossil fuels, firefly
23
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elastic energy
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy stored in objects that r stretched, squeezed, bent, or twisted
\-potential
\-ex. tennis racket, soles of shoes
\-potential
\-ex. tennis racket, soles of shoes
24
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electrical (p) energy
\-ex.
\-ex.
energy separating positive and negative charge
\-ex. in battery or cell
\-ex. in battery or cell
25
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magnetic energy
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy of attraction or repulsion of certain metals based on orientation
\-potential
\-ex. you hold needle of compass down = has magnetic potential
\-potential
\-ex. you hold needle of compass down = has magnetic potential
26
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nuclear energy
\-K or P
\-ex.
\-K or P
\-ex.
energy stored in nucleus of atom
\-potential
\-ex. nucleus split/join into 2 and releasing energy
\-potential
\-ex. nucleus split/join into 2 and releasing energy
27
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is thermal energy and heat the same thing
no
heat is thermal energy that is TRANSFERRED from item to item
heat is thermal energy that is TRANSFERRED from item to item
28
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why is nothing (transformation/transfer) 100% efficient
\-ex.
\-what makes more efficient = _____ surface
\-ex.
\-what makes more efficient = _____ surface
friction/collision makes lost energy
\-ex. roller coaster has lots of curves = friction = lost thermal + sound energy = less kinetic
\-smooth surface
\-ex. roller coaster has lots of curves = friction = lost thermal + sound energy = less kinetic
\-smooth surface
29
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open system
\-ex.
\-ex.
\-matter can escape through gas/liquid/solid = which loses mass
\-energy can escape too
\-ex. open hot mug (steam-mass + temp-thermal energy)
\-energy can escape too
\-ex. open hot mug (steam-mass + temp-thermal energy)
30
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closed system
\-ex.
\-ex.
\-matter cant leave (physically covered)
\-energy can escape
\-ex. mug w/lid (steam cant leave, thermal energy can)
\-energy can escape
\-ex. mug w/lid (steam cant leave, thermal energy can)
31
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isolated system
\-ex.
\-ex.
\-matter cant leave
\-energy can’t escape (has barrier from surrounding)
\-ex. insulated thermos (steam cant leave, thermal energy trapped)
\-energy can’t escape (has barrier from surrounding)
\-ex. insulated thermos (steam cant leave, thermal energy trapped)
32
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what contributes to PE + KE
mass (in kg)
33
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when is..
\-max potential energy
\-no potential energy
\-max kinetic energy
\-no kinetic energy
\-bit of both
(stapes notes booklet
\-max potential energy
\-no potential energy
\-max kinetic energy
\-no kinetic energy
\-bit of both
(stapes notes booklet
\-peak/highest point → still
\-just before hits ground cuz all kinetic
\-just before hits ground
\-peak/highest point cuz all potential
\-middle of falling → loses potential gains kinetic
\-just before hits ground cuz all kinetic
\-just before hits ground
\-peak/highest point cuz all potential
\-middle of falling → loses potential gains kinetic
34
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dropping a ball
\-energy transformations w/ equations
\-energy transformations w/ equations
\-hold ball on top / TOTAL = PE + 0
\-ball falls / TOTAL = KE + PE (less PE, more KE)
\-just before hits ground/ TOTAL = 0 + KE
\-on ground / TOTAL = 0 + 0 + thermal + sound cuz collision
\-ball falls / TOTAL = KE + PE (less PE, more KE)
\-just before hits ground/ TOTAL = 0 + KE
\-on ground / TOTAL = 0 + 0 + thermal + sound cuz collision
35
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mechanical energy equation
total energy, sum of kinetic + potential energy
EK + EP
EK + EP
36
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theoretical vs “real”/average velocity
use formula to solve
vs
dis/time
vs
dis/time
37
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law of conservation of energy
\-energy can’t be created or destroyed
\-transformed from one form to another
\-transferred from one item to another
\-transformed from one form to another
\-transferred from one item to another
38
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energy def
\-ability to do work / exert force
\-causes change in system
\-had different forms w/ diff characteristics
\-causes change in system
\-had different forms w/ diff characteristics
39
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friction def
\-why does it arise
\-why does it arise
a force that opposes motion
\-contact between a moving object + materials its moving over/through
\-contact between a moving object + materials its moving over/through
40
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what is a rube goldberg machine
\-chain reactions machine that completes a simple task in a complicated way
41
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momentum def
a measure of how difficult is it to stop a moving object
42
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photosynthesis energy transformation
light energy → chemical potential energy
43
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non renewable energy def
\-sources (3)
\-sources (3)
sources that will run out or not be replenished in our lifetime
\-coal
\-natural gas
\-oil
\-coal
\-natural gas
\-oil
44
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renewable energy def
\-sources (6)
\-sources (6)
sources that are replenished at higher rate than consumed
\-biomass
\-geothermal
\-hydroelectric
\-ocean/tidal
\-solar
\-wind
\-biomass
\-geothermal
\-hydroelectric
\-ocean/tidal
\-solar
\-wind
45
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biomass def
\-renewable or non-renewable
\-renewable or non-renewable
from DEAD wood, grain, plant material, animal waste → we burn/decompose them
\-renewable cuz death is fast
\-renewable cuz death is fast
46
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coal def
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
plants decay, buried by layers of rock+soil, transform to coal
\-non renewable cuz takes long time
\-non renewable cuz takes long time
47
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geothermal def
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
thermal energy from under earth’s surface (the layers circulate heat)
→ we get by bring up heated water or low levels of heat from rocks
\-renewable cuz layers always has heat
→ we get by bring up heated water or low levels of heat from rocks
\-renewable cuz layers always has heat
48
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hydroelectric
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
from flow of water (kinetic) + height of water (potential)
→ water falls and spins turbine in generating station
\-renewable cuz water
→ water falls and spins turbine in generating station
\-renewable cuz water
49
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natural gas
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
dead plants + animals from millions years ago turned into sedimentary rock which turns to natural gas
\-nonrenewable cuz dead animals wil be gone if we use
\-nonrenewable cuz dead animals wil be gone if we use
50
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nuclear
\-do it where + is it safe
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-do it where + is it safe
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
heat from reaction in atoms
\-nuclear power plants where natural elements (uranium) react in controlled way
\-ALTERNATIVE cuz lots of elements but nuclear waste can cause pollution
\-nuclear power plants where natural elements (uranium) react in controlled way
\-ALTERNATIVE cuz lots of elements but nuclear waste can cause pollution
51
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oceans/tidal
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
ocean always in motion → creates currents under water (kinetic)
\-renewable cuz ocean always moves
\-renewable cuz ocean always moves
52
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oil
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
\-renewable or non-renewableÂ
dead plants + animals from millions years ago turned into sedimentary rock which turns to oil
\-nonrenewable cuz
\-nonrenewable cuz
53
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solar
\-renewable or non-renewable
\-renewable or non-renewable
sun emits radient energy → we capture using solar panels + turn to electric
\-renewable cuz sun is always there
\-renewable cuz sun is always there
54
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wind
\-renewable or non-renewable
\-renewable or non-renewable
moving air (kinetic) + can be harnessed
\-renewable cuz air is there
\-renewable cuz air is there
55
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WRITTEN Q
\-fossil fuel def
\-why fossil fuel non-renewable
\-how it impact environment
\-fossil fuel def
\-why fossil fuel non-renewable
\-how it impact environment
\-nonrenewable resource that comes from dead animals + plants from millions ago @ bottom of ocean
\-bc limited supply / once run out, cant get more
\-bc burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)
→ sun radient energy and is trapped in earth’s atmosphere to warm earth BUT we burn more (excess) = more heat trapped = warmer earth/increase temperature
= warmer ocean = ocean acidification/dead marine life = we cant eat fishies!!
= melt glaciers = higher sea level = flood
= heat waves
\-bc limited supply / once run out, cant get more
\-bc burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)
→ sun radient energy and is trapped in earth’s atmosphere to warm earth BUT we burn more (excess) = more heat trapped = warmer earth/increase temperature
= warmer ocean = ocean acidification/dead marine life = we cant eat fishies!!
= melt glaciers = higher sea level = flood
= heat waves
56
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pick 2 renewable energy sources
\-describe
\-2 pro + cons
\-describe
\-2 pro + cons
SOLAR
\-comes from the sun → can capture its radient energy by solar panels to be turned into electricity
\-pros: reduce electricity bill + accessible since everywhere gets sunlight
\-con: expensive upfront cost + weather dependent (since it won’t during the night/wont be as effective on cloudy days)
\
HYDROELECTRIC
\-from KE of flow of water + PE of height of water, the motion of water spins turbine in generator (which makes electricity)
\-pros: safe since fuelled by water (does not release any greenhouse gases/no oil spills) + long lasting (50-100 years)
\-cons: blocks fish passage + risk of flood
\-comes from the sun → can capture its radient energy by solar panels to be turned into electricity
\-pros: reduce electricity bill + accessible since everywhere gets sunlight
\-con: expensive upfront cost + weather dependent (since it won’t during the night/wont be as effective on cloudy days)
\
HYDROELECTRIC
\-from KE of flow of water + PE of height of water, the motion of water spins turbine in generator (which makes electricity)
\-pros: safe since fuelled by water (does not release any greenhouse gases/no oil spills) + long lasting (50-100 years)
\-cons: blocks fish passage + risk of flood
57
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MAYBE OPEN END
nuclear
\-pro + coon
\-impact environment
nuclear
\-pro + coon
\-impact environment
most nuclear plants come from splitting of atoms
\-pro: more efficient (runs 24/7, not dependent)
\-con: the waste is hazardous
\-pro: more efficient (runs 24/7, not dependent)
\-con: the waste is hazardous
