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Data Based Approaches
Start by measuring many variables related to a specific ability of interest.
Why is Factor Analysis Useful?
It helps to infer underlying characteristics that account for links among related variables.
Theory Based Approach
Involves considering all aspects of an ability to identify ways to test those aspects.
Binetās Tests
Developed the first intelligence test, measuring aptitude versus achievement.
Who revised Binetās tests?
Lewis Terman.
What did David Wechsler believe about intelligence?
It is a set of verbal and non-verbal skills.
Intelligence test scores correlate with which factors?
Academic performance, occupational status, income, health and longevity.
Charles Spearmanās Positive Manifold
Refers to positive correlations found between many cognitive-related tasks.
Two Factor Theory of Intelligence
Every cognitive task requires both a general ability (g) and task-specific abilities (s).
Who argued for independent primary abilities?
Louis Thurstone.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
A statistical technique that identifies independent clusters from non-independent measures.
What hierarchy fits best with intelligence test results?
A three-level hierarchy with general intelligence (g) at the top.
Thurstoneās Primary Mental Abilities includes how many abilities?
Seven Independent Mental Abilities.
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to make logical inferences and deal with novel situations.
Crystallized Intelligence
Ability to retain and apply knowledge from past experiences.
Ravenās Progressive Matrices Test
A test of fluid intelligence that uses shapes to assess reasoning.
Robert Sternbergās Triarchic Theory of Intelligence includes which types?
Analytic, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.
Howard Gardner's Eight Intelligences include which two?
Linguistic and Logical-Mathematical.
What is Gardnerās speculated 9th intelligence?
Existential Intelligence.
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to understand, reason with, and respond to emotions of self and others.
What do different cultures emphasize in their conceptualization of intelligence?
Cultural values, social norms, and the definitions of intelligence.
Why are intelligence tests often criticized in relation to culture?
They may underrepresent middle-level abilities valued in cultures without standardized tests.
Seven Independent Mental Abilities by Thurstone include?
Verbal Comprehension, Word Fluency, Number Facility, Spatial Visualization, Associative Memory, Perceptual Speed, Reasoning.
John Carroll identified how many mid-level abilities?
Eight Independent mid-level abilities.
What is one of the abilities included in Carrollās eight independent mid-level abilities?
Fluid Intelligence.
What is the role of language in the concept of intelligence across cultures?
Language influences how intelligence is defined and valued differently in each culture.
Sternbergās Analytic Intelligence
Ability to solve problems typically assessed by traditional intelligence tests.
What does Practical Intelligence involve?
Ability to adapt to everyday settings.
Who described emotional intelligence in the context of social interactions?
John Mayer and Peter Salovay.
What is a challenge for measuring intelligence in non-Western cultures?
Different cultural views and values may not align with traditional intelligence testing methods.
What does a data-based approach highlight about intelligence measurement?
It provides empirical evidence that can guide understanding of intelligence constructs.
What is an example of an ability measured in the Theory Based Approach?
Spatial awareness.
The correlation between IQ scores and academic performance indicates?
Higher IQ scores typically predict higher academic performance.
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