Language of Medicine Chapter 12

adenoidectomy

removal of the adenoids

adenoidhypertrophy

increased development of the adenoids

alveolar

pertaining to the alveolus

alveoli

tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

alveolus

air sac in the lung.

anosmia

loss of the sense of smell

anthracosis

coal dust accumulation in the lungs

apex of the lung

tip or uppermost portion of the lung

apical

tip of an organ (lungs)

asbestosis

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs

asphyxia

deficient oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

asthma

chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production

atelectasis

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis)

base of the lung

lower portion of the lung

bronchiectasis

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection

bronchial alveolar lavage

irrigation or washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope and then removing it to analyze the contents

bronchioalveolar lavage

alternative spelling to bronchial alveolar lavage

bronchiole

smallest branches of the bronchi. terminal, lead to alveolar ducts

bronchiolitis

inflammation of a bronchiole

bronchogenic carcinoma

tumors that originate in the tissues of the bronchi

bronchoscopy

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes

bronchospasm

involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to narrowing of the bronchi

chest tomograms

series of x-ray images that reveal the chest in-depth (layers or sections of the lungs)

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs.

cilia

thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. they clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. cigarette smoke impairs the function of _

cor pulmonale

failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease

croup

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor

cystic fibrosis

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally

diptheria

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diptheria bacterium

dysphonia

abnormal voice or sound produced by speaking

emphysema

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

empyema

pus in the pleural space (cavity)

endotracheal intubation

placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway

epiglottis

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

epistaxis

nosebleed

expectoration

coughing up of mucus or sputum from the throat and respiratory tract

expiration

breathing out (exhalation)

exudate

fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation

glottis

slit-like opening to the larynx

hemothorax

blood in the pleural cavity

hilar

pertaining to the hilum

hilum of the lung

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

hydrothorax

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

hypercapnia

increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

hyperpnea

increase in breathing rate

hypoxia

deficiency of oxygen in tissues

inspiration

breathing in (inhalation)

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the voice box

laryngospasm

involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding the voice box

larynx

voice box; containing the vocal cords

lobectomy

removal of a lobe or section of an organ, such as a lung

lung biopsy

removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination

lung cancer

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

magnetic resonance imaging of the chest

magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes

mediastinoscopy

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum

mesothelioma

rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura

nasogastric intubation

placement of a tube through the nose to the stomach

obstructive lung disease

narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing, ex: asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, and cystic fibrosis

orthopnea

breathing is only comfortable when a patient is in an upright position

palatine tonsil

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx

paranasal sinus

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose.

parietal pleura

outer fold of pleura lying close to the ribs and chest wall

paroxysmal

pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden

percussion

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

pertussis

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis

phrenic nerve

carries impulses to the diaphragm from the brain

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura

pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura (not itis)

pleuritis

inflammation of the pleura

pneumoconiosis

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

pneumonectomy

removal of a lung

pneumothorax

collection of air in the pleural space

positron emission tomography

radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs

pulmonary abscess

large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs

pulmonary angiography

x-ray procedure examining blood vessels in the lungs

pulmonary edema

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles

pulmonary embolism

clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung

pulmonary fibrosis

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

pulmonary function tests

tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently)

pulmonary infarction

area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)

pulmonary parenchyma

essential parts of the lung, responsible for respirationl bronchioles and alveoli

pyothorax

pus collection in the pleural cavity

rales

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli

restrictive lung disease

a condition in which lung expansion is limited by diseases that affect the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself, ex: pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage, and pneumoconiosis

rhinorrhea

discharge from the nose

rhonchi

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

sarcoidosis

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs

silicosis

disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations

sinusitis

inflammation of paranasal sinuses

spirometer

an instrument to measure breathing

sputum

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting

sputum culture

sputum is collected and placed in a growth medium to analyze the type of microorganisms that may be present

stridor

strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction of the pharynx or larynx

thoracic

pertaining to the chest

thoracoscopy

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope

thorascopy

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope, alternative spelling to thoracoscopy