Honors World History Unit 9 Test Study Guide

Bishops

Heads of the Church in major cities who oversaw a Diocese or See

Priests

Heads of sub-churches under Bishops who oversaw parishes

Caesaropapism

The Eastern idea that the Emperor was effectively the head of the Church

Ecumenical council

Church-wide councils to determine sound doctrine

Patriarchs

The Bishops of important cities such as Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem

Papal Primacy

Idea that the Pope had the highest authority in the Church

Bishop of Rome

Pope, the head of the Western Church

Pope Leo I the Great

Used his political power to defend Rome from invasion and affirmed the power of the Papacy

Pope Gregory I the Great

He further expanded Papal power and took more duties of political leaders

Secular clergy

Clergy that ministered to lay people

Lay people

Members of a church who are not part of the leadership

Regular clergy

Clergy that abides by certain monastic rules

Monasticism

The practice of living the life of a monk

Abbots

The heads of monasteries

Monks

Men who lived in monasteries and devoted their time to God

Anchorite monks

Monks who individually removed themselves from the world to live life as hermits, more common in the East

Antony of Egypt

Gave up all his positions to seek a life of service to God inspiring others to follow his path

Cenobite monks

Monks that live with other monks in a monastery

Benedict's Rule

A text that established the rules that monks had to follow

Code of Justinian

A codification of all Roman law

Nika Riots

A riot that started from a rivalry between the Blues and the Greens but descended into protests against Justinian

Theodora

Justinian's wife who was very infulential

Hagia Sofia

The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom built by Justinian and upgraded after it was burnt down in the Nika Riots

Bubonic plague

A dangerous disease that weakened the Byzantine Empire

Sassanians

A successor to the Parthians that was initially the main rival of Byzantium

Khusrau II

Sassanid king who invaded Byzantium

Greek fire

A napalm-like weapon that produced fire that could even burn on water

Herakleios

Byzantine Emperor who pushed back Khusrau and defeated the Sassanians

Emperor Leo III

Byzantine emperor who banned the use of icons

Iconoclasts

people who opposed the use of icons in worship

Iconophiles

People who supported the use of icons in worship

Seventh Ecumenical Council

Restored the use of icons in the Christian church

Latria

The worship that only God deserves

Dulia

Veneration to lower things

Clovis

King of the Franks who unified Gaul and founded the Frankish monarchy

Trial by ordeal

A Germanic idea where the gods would determine who is right by not hurting them

Merovingians

The Frankish dynasty started by Clovis

Mayor of the Palace

The person who performed all the official duties of the kingdom

Charles Martel

Ruler of the Franks who defeated a Muslim invasion

Battle of Tours

A battle where Charles Martel stopped the Muslim movement into Europe

Pepin the Short

The father of Charlemagne who helped the Pope, was declared King of the Franks by him, and then gave him the land that would become the Papal States

Boniface

An apostle to the Germans

Donation of Constantine

A fabricated edict in which the Pope was given civil authority

Carolignians

The family of Kings of which Charlemagne was a part of

Charlemagne

King of the Franks and the first Holy Roman Emperor

Pope Leo III

Pope who crowed Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor setting the precedent of Popes crowning Emperors

Synod of Frankfurt

Condemned the Second Council of Nicea

Capitularies

Royal laws issued by Charlemagne and Carolingians

Missi dominici

Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws

Alcuin

An English scholar who taught under Charlemagne

Trivium and Quadrivium

Two courses of studies for all schooling in the medieval period before universities

Palatine Chapel at Aachen

A chapel that included a throne and a statue of Charlemagne

Treaty of Verdun

Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

Macedonian Dynasty

A new line of Byzantine emperors founded by Basil I.

Basil I

Led a restoration of Byzantium's power and founded the Macedonian Dynasty

Justinian

Emperor who led the Byzantines to their last period of greatness

Oleg

First Viking to settle in Kiev and the founder of the Kievan Rus

Igor

Oleg's successor who fought a war against Byzantium

Olga

Kievan princess who was the first Russian to convert to Christianity

Sviatoslav

Last pagan prince 0f the Kievan Rus who conquered part of the territory of Bulgaria and Byzantium but was eventually defeated

Vladmir I

Ruler of the Kievian Rus who converted it to Orthodox Christianity

Magyars

People attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary

Saracens

Nomadic group of Muslims from Sysria and Arabia

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

Three orders

Those who work, those who fight, those who pray

Feudalism

A system of government based on landowners and tenants

Vassalage

A position of subordination or submission

Lord

Someone who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Fief

Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Homage and fealty

Ritual acts by which a person became a vassal

Manorialism

Economic system with self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land

Peasant

A farmer with a small farm

Serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord