Chapter 6-10 concept of Biology study

A diploid cell has——the number of chromsomes as a haploid cell?

twice

an organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited———

Genes

chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle?

Synthesis phase (S phase)

seperation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?

Anaphase

The individual chromosomes become visible within with a light microscope during which stage of mitosis?

Prophase

what is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?

Accurate and complete DNA replication

—-are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Gene mutations

A gene that codes for a postitive cell cycle regulator is called a(n)——

oncogene

which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary misson?

Mitosis

FtsZ proteins direct the formation of a ——-that will eventually form the new cell walls of the daughter cells.

septum

what is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction results in greater variation in the offspring

Whic type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage?

Alternation of generations

which event leads to a diploid cell in a life cycle?

fertilization

meiosis produces——daughter cellls.

four haploids

at which stage of meoisis are sister chromatids seperated from each other?

Anaphase II

The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is——-

Meiosis II

If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism?

16

The genotype XXY corresponds to:

Klinefelter syndrome

Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tend to be milder than the same abnormalities in autosomes because of ________.

X-inactivation

Aneuploidies are deleterious for the individual because of what phenomenon?

Gene dosage

Imagine that you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What traits would you expect to observe in the F1 offspring if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds? Yellow seed color is dominant over green.

only yellow seeds

Imagine that you are performing a cross involving seed texture in garden pea plants. You cross truebreeding round and wrinkled parents to obtain F1 offspring. Which of the following experimental results in terms of numbers of plants are closest to what you expect in the F2 progeny?

610:190 round seed: wrinkled seeds

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its——

phenotype.

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait

homozygous

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

AB, Ab, aB, ab

What is the reason for doing a test cross?

to determine which allele is dominant and which is recessive

If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?

Incomplete dominance

The ABO blood groups in humans are expressed as the I A , I B , and i alleles. The I A allele encodes the A blood group antigen, I B encodes B, and i encodes O. Both A and B are dominant to O. If a heterozygous blood type A parent (I A i) and a heterozygous blood type B parent (I B i) mate, one quarter of their offspring are expected to have the AB blood type (I A I B ) in which both antigens are expressed equally. Therefore, ABO blood groups are an example of:

Multiple alleles and codominance

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

all red-eyed offspring

When a population has a gene with four alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?

10

Which of the following does cytosine pair with?

guanine

Prokaryotes contain a ________chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes

double-stranded circular; double-stranded linear

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

semiconservative

The initial mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA is——-

DNA polymerase proofreading

A promoter is——-

a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides

Portions of eukaryotic mRNA sequence that are removed during RNA processing are——-

introns

The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesised in the——-

nucleolus

How long would the peptide be that is translated from this MRNA sequence: 5'-AUGGGCUACCGA-3'?

4

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

Post-translational control refers to:

regulation of gene expression after translation

In gel electrophoresis of DNA, the different bands in the final gel form because the DNA molecules

Have different lengths

In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from——-

a body cell

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

A plasmid

what is genetically modified organism (GMO)?

an organism with an artificially altered genome a hybrid organism

What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the production of transgenic plants?

A. tumefaciens is used as a vector to move genes into plant cells.

What is the most challenging issue facing genome sequencing?

the ethics of using information from genomes at the individual level

Genomics can be used in agriculture to:

All of the above

What kind of diseases are studied using genomewide association studies?

diseases caused by multiple genes