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Hall and Jefferson (T1A/B)
teddy boys, recreate sense of community after immigration, delinquent subculture
Venkatesh (T1B)
outlaw capitalism, opportunity to be paid, linked with working class
Messerschmidt (T2A)
deviant behaviours stemming from stereotypical masculine dominance
Hebdige (T2B)
punks statement against consumerism
Rosenthal (T2B)
assumptions about IQ dependent on gender, ethnicity and social class
Cicourel (T2B)
justice can be negotiated based on class or status
Archer (T2B)
the street, seen as more accessible way to seek validation than school
Katz (T2B)
youth interested in transgression, not class or politics
Scraton (T2C)
culture of resistance, politics surround race, crime as political act
Sivanandan (T2C)
continuation of struggle against white slave owners, families of rastafarians immigrants
Hutnyk (T2C)
cultural appropriation, devalues highly meaningful symbolism
Nayak (T2C)
white wannabes, cultural appropriation
Cloward and Ohlin (T3A)
criminal subcultures to make living, conventional means are blocked, 3 types of subculture: criminal, conflict, retreatist
Charlesworth (T3B)
underclass feel unable to succeed, transmitted from parents
Korem (T3B)
rise in m/c class crime, absent parenting causes deviance
Owen Jones (T3B)
however, demonization of the w/c, justify privileged position
Sewell (T4A)
however, aspiration of media role models and lack of socialisation, hyper masculinity leads to deviance
McRobbie and Garbler (T4B)
intense relationships within domestic sphere, distinct YSC
Adler (T4B)
rebellious YSC emerge as response of liberation of women, naturally assertive/independent, traits of crime
Muggleton (T5)
neo-tribes not politically motivated, weak sense of commitment, individualism within punks
Manchester Institute of Popular Culture (MIPS)
social media allows to gain subcultural capital, disenfranchisement of YSC, rebel against inequalities, undermines individualism
Jock Young (T6)
however, media exaggerates crime not creates it, reality shouldn't be reduced to media construction
Paul Willis (T1B)
counter-school culture, saw pleasure as most important in a workplace, reject capitalism in a semi-class consciousness
Batchelor et al. (T1B)
lack of female gangs, overwhelmingly male focussed
Otto Pollack (T2A)
chivalry thesis, police more lenient to women
Willis (T2B)
working class likely to join rebellious youth, resist ruling class oppression
King and Smith (T2B)
Jack Wills, anxiety to maintain status in growing mix of social class
Venkatesh (T2C)
outlaw capitalism, join gangs for money and sense of structure
Murray (T2C)
higher crime rates from inadequate socialisation, single parent households
Eisenstadt (T3A)
development of identity during youth, supervised risk taking to create stable adults
Alexander (T3A)
gangs functional defence mechanism, opportunity to gain status within gang
Scraton (T4A)
politics central to race, organised culture of resistance
Les Back (T5)
hybrid identities in south london, transitional stage to construct new identity, cultural borrowing, inter-racial relationships
Safia Mirza (T2A)
young, black women being pro-school despite being marginalised
Jackson (T2A)
ladettes, girls as rebellious as boys
Durkheim (T3A)
state of anomie, breakdown of social order or personal control
Albert Cohen (T3A)
status frustration, invert values, gain status within own hierarchies
Murray (T3B)
distinct underclass, inadequate parenting and lack of moral values, crime and hostility towards authority
Murray and Herrnstein (T3B)
predisposition to aggressiveness, criminal characteristics and welfare dependency
David Marsland (T3B)
welfare dependency undermines people's sense of commitment to work, pregnant youth irresponsible and should cut benefits
Hey (T4B)
women friendship groups form YSC based on values, not class, ethnicity, etc.
Berger (T1A)
youthfulness is a personal quality
Pilcher (T1A)
centred around withdrawal from family and parental control
Davies (T1A)
values vary little from their parents, conformist and conservative
Roberts (T1A)
three types of transition, e.g. abrupt, gradual and lengthy
James Patrick (T1B)
non-utilitarian violence used as a way into gangs
Albert Cohen (T1B)
link of working class and status frustration, use delinquency to develop status not found elsewhere, invert traditional school values (bad behaviour and academic failure)
Hebdige (T1B)
punks study, reject dominant hegemonic values
Hall (T1B)
hippies study, reject mainstream consumer culture
Archer and Yamashita (T1B)
hyper heterosexuality in schools, exclusively male groups
Harding (T1B)
girls in gangs as fixers
Cloward and Ohlin (T1B)
illegitimate opportunity structure, pressure to deviate from mainstream, earn money in capitalist society
Ross Haenfler (T2A)
nerd masculinity, online world masculinity
McRobbie and Garbler (T2A)
bedroom culture, segregated from boys
Hey (T2A)
women have distinct, secretive norms than men
Pussy Riot (T2A)
Russian protest group, highly politically involved women, radical femenists
Davis and Moore (T2B)
subcultural identity based on role allocation
Alexander (T2B/C)
deviant label more likely for ethnic minority groups, 2001 Oldham riots
Albert Cohen (T2B)
lower class boys try to emulate middle class, status frustration as don't have the means
Reay (T2B)
poverty of aspiration, few extra-curricular
Les Back (T2C)
cultural borrowing, positive, hybridity
Vale and Juno (T2C)
modern primitives, youth feel connected to tribal culture, tattoos and scarification
Parsons (T3A)
youth have allocated roles, lower income and status allocated due to limited experience
Decker and Van Winkle (T3A)
pulls and pushes in joining gangs, gaining status vs marginalised/disadvantages
Snider (T3B)
however, focus on 'white collar crimes', tax evasion more costly to state than benefits claimants
Karl Marx (T4A)
invented marxism
Hebdige (T4A)
deviant YSC are politically motivated, challenge class inequality, reject cultural hegemony
Gramsci (T4A)
political domination by ruling class is challenged by w/c youth
Bennet (T4A)
criticises assumptions that punks are w/c, often m/c art students
Stuart Hall et al. (T4A)
moral panic about crime of mugging, exaggerated public concern, manipulate populations with distractions from 'real issues'
Yehudh (T4A)
moral panic disproportional to extent of crime, media saturation, no evidence of increase in crime
Lea and Young (T4A)
crimes intra-racial, social class exclusion, romanticising race?
Reddington (T4B)
critical regarding lack to apparent presence of women in punks, sub-subcultures, patriarchal beliefs
Pat Carlen (T4B)
however, oppressed women deviate most, 80% women in prison suffer child abuse, sexual abuse or lived in care
Borden (T5)
skating YSC surround hobby, status based on skill level
Thornton (T5)
youth have individualised approach, clubbing culture merge different groups, bond with music taste
Blackman (T5)
however, disregard politically active YSC, ravers oppose making them illegal
Polhemus (T5)
supermarket of style, hybrid and fluid YSC, limited choice due to media - incorporation
Nayak (T5)
white wannabes, young w/c white men adopting black culture
Katz (T5)
YSC based on pleasure of transgression/misbehaviour, sexual metaphor for deviancy, shared positive experience
Howard Becker (T6)
labelling theory, process of labelling/self-fulfilment, 'moral entrepreneurs' create laws that aim to criminalise youth
Cicourel (T6)
high status have ability to reject labels/negotiate crime
Akers (T6)
however, must be reason for labels being applied to certain groups initially, seen as incomplete theory
Phillips and Bowling (T6)
labelling theory to explain crime, negative treatment against criminal justice systems, hostility towards police, self-fulfilling prophecy
Stanley Cohen (T6)
studied societal reactions to Clacton disturbances 1964, media provide distorted picture of deviant YSC, moral panic of 'folk devils' and public concern - deviancy amplification spiral
Lea and Young (T6)
however, media representation reflects public concern, tabloid press read by working class who are victims of violent crimes