SHS 716-Stuttering Final Exam Study Guide-Mathews
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119 Terms
Avoidance behaviors
Occur before the moment of stuttering has begun
3 multiple choice options
Blocks can occur at which level of speech production?
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
"Developmental" stuttering
is the most common form of stuttering
3 multiple choice options
Prolongations
none of the above
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Core stuttering behaviors include
repetitions, prolongations, and blocks
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The term "disfluency"
refers to an interruption of normal speech
3 multiple choice options
Clinically, consistency refers to
the tendency to stutter on the same words when a passage is read several times.
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Children who stutter
are more likely than non stuttering children to have relatives who stutter
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Predictors of recovery from stuttering include
all of the above
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A genetic contribution to stuttering is suggested because
studies have identified specific chromosomes that are believed to carry genes for stuttering
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Many studies show that people who stutter
have slower reaction times than people who do not stutter
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which of the following may be a basis for stuttering?
all of the above
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Studies have shown that the brains of people who stutter, when compared with nonstutterers, may have differences in function or structure
all of the above
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Altering auditory feedback
create an artificial stutter in normal speakers
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It is likely that stuttering is generally caused by
A mix of factors, including environmental and developmental factors
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The onset of stuttering generally occurs
between the ages of 2 and 5
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Stuttering is most likely to begin
When speech and language are developing rapidly
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Having to carry out complex speech and language tasks
Is a possible factor in the development of stuttering
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Studies have demonstrated that even when speaking fluently, stutterers have
all of the above
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Research to determine the critical developmental and environmental factors affecting the onset of stuttering
Has provided promising evidence but not conclusive results
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Research has shown that mothers of children who stutter
none of the above
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There is evidence that treatment for stuttering
Repairs deficits in auditory processing
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According to some theories, stuttering would be most likely to develop in
A child with advanced language development and delayed motor development
3 multiple choice options
Between the ages of 3 and 4
Children begin to compare their own behaviors with those of their peers
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Some research shows that when compared with children who don't stutter, children who stutter are more likely
To have increased anxiety
3 multiple choice options
Whether or not a word is stuttered is influenced by what?
all of the above
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Having to carry out complex speech and language tasks
Is implicated in the demands and capacities view of stuttering
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Stressful speaking situations for children include
all of the above
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Research to determine the critical developmental and environmental factors affecting the onset of stuttering
Has not produced conclusive results
3 multiple choice options
A relationship between difficult life events and the onset of stuttering
Has been theorized but has not actually been observed
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"Core" stuttering behaviors include
Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks
3 multiple choice options
Children who stutter
Are more likely than nonstuttering children to have relatives who stutter
3 multiple choice options
Predictors of recovery from stuttering include
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
The onset of stuttering generally occurs
Between the ages of 2 and 3.5
3 multiple choice options
According to some theories, stuttering would be most likely to develop in
A child with advanced language development and delayed motor development
3 multiple choice options
Stuttering is most likely to begin
When speech and language are developing rapidly
3 multiple choice options
Associating speaking to a large audience with stuttering is an example of
Classical conditioning
3 multiple choice options
For classical conditioning to take place
all of the above
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It is likely that classical conditioning
is a factor in the development of stuttering in a child
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Having a client stutter and receive praise for keeping stutter going and ending it easily is an example of what type of unlearning?
countercondition
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In operant conditioning, which type of consequence can occur?
all of the above
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Learning to blink one's eyes as a way to produce a word is an example of
operant condition
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"Escape behaviors" when stuck in a stutter might include
eye blinks
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Avoidance conditioning is based on
trying to eliminate a learned fear
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Theories of brain disorganization most commonly address:
hemispheric dominance
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the "covert repair" hypothesis
Suggests that stuttering is caused by attempts to repair phonological errors before they are spoken
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According to Wendell Johnson's Diagnosogenic Theory
Stuttering can rise from parents overreacting or misdiagnosing to normal disfluencies
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Oliver Bloodstein proposed that stuttering emerges
from a child's frustration and failure when attempting to talk
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The "Capacities and Demands" theory proposes that stuttering can develop
all of the above
3 multiple choice options
primary stuttering generally includes
Repetitions with little or no physical tension
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Secondary stuttering
all of the above
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It has been suggested that the reason girls are more likely than boys to recover from early stuttering is
Girls' brains may have greater organizational plasticity
3 multiple choice options
Normal disfluency can be distinguished from stuttering by
All of the above
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When compared with stuttering, normal disfluency generally has a higher proportion of
Multisyllabic whole word and phrase repetitions
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Secondary behaviors
all of the above
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Situations that can cause typical disfluencies to increase include
all of the above
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Having 12 disfluencies per 100 words without tension or other reaction to one's disfluencies
Would likely be considered borderline stuttering
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Borderline stuttering usually emerges
In children around 2 to 3.5 years old
Compared with borderline stuttering, beginning stuttering is characterized by
An increase in the tempo of repeated syllables
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Substitutions, circumlocutions, and postponements
are ways to avoid saying a word
3 multiple choice options
"Core" stuttering behaviors include
Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks
3 multiple choice options
Children who stutter
Are more likely than non stuttering children to have relatives who stutter
3 multiple choice options
Predictors of recovery from stuttering include
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
The onset of stuttering generally occurs
Between the ages of 2-3.5
3 multiple choice options
According to some research, stuttering would be most likely to develop in
A child with advanced language development and delayed motor development
2 multiple choice options
Stuttering is most likely to begin
When speech and language are developing rapidly
3 multiple choice options
Associating speaking to a large audience with stuttering is an example of
classical conditioning
3 multiple choice options
"Escape behaviors" when stuck in a stutter might include
Eye blinks
3 multiple choice options
The "Capacities and Demands" theory proposes that stuttering can develop
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
Primary stuttering generally includes
Repetitions with little or no physical tension
3 multiple choice options
Secondary stuttering
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
Normal disfluency can be distinguished from stuttering by
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
Assessment includes
all of the above
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Making eye contact with a stutterer:
May be inappropriate in some cultures
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When assessing children, which of the following should be counted as stutters?
All of the above
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A taped speech sample
should include both conversation and reading
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A reading sample
should contain 200 syllables
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When calculating frequency of stuttering
Words used as avoidance behaviors are counted as a stutter
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Duration of stutters
reflects an overall impression percieved by listeners
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The Stuttering Severity Index
is a useful tool for assessing stuttering
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When beginning an interview with parents of a preschool child, the clinician should
Listen and be non judgemental
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One of the things a clinician might ask the parents of a preschool child is
All of the above
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When evaluating a school-aged child, it is important for the clinician to speak with
all of the above
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Trial therapy with a school-age child
Can be conducted by clinician during the evaluation
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The interview with an adult stutterer begins with
Having him or her talk about why he or she has come to clinic
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When evaluating an adolescent
Parents may be asked to express their fears, concerns, and frustrations
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Among the options are evaluating a preschool child are
All of above
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When analyzing a preschool child's speech sample, the clinician
Looks for signs of tension during both prolongations and repetitions
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During an initial discussion with a school-age child, the clinician
Can have the child draw pictures to elicit feelings
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An attribute important for a clinician to have is
all choices
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A clinician's beliefs about the etiology of stuttering can affect
all choices
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Helps a stutterer examine his or her thought processes
Cognitive therapy
1 multiple choice option
A school-aged person who stutters
Is often helped by group therapy
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Treatment for reducing avoidance behaviors
Includes voluntary stutters
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"Stuttering modification"
Includes attempting to change tense stutters into more relaxed ones
1 multiple choice option
When starting to work with a child with borderline stuttering, the clinician should
Begin working with the family members
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Children with borderline stuttering
Likely have an innate predisposition toward disfluency
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An important aspect of indirect treatment for borderline stuttering is for a parent
All of the above
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when using direct treatment with a child with mild borderline stuttering
Parents should have a daily one-on-one time with their child
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When beginning to model easy stutters, the clinician
Makes accepting comments about his or her own stutters
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Note 
Flashcards (27)