Milady: Chapter 12 - Basics of Chemistry

chemistry

Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions.

combustion

Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

compound molecules

(aka compounds) a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.

element

The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity.

elemental molecule

Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.

emulsifier

An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.

emulsion

An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.

exothermic reactions

Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat.

glycerin

Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.

immiscible

Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.

inorganic chemistry

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.

ion

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

ionization

The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.

lipophilic

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).

logarithm

Multiples of ten.

matter

Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).

miscible

Liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed togehter to form stable solutions.

molecule

A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.

oil-in-water emulsion

Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water.

organic chemistry

The study of substances that contain the element carbon.

oxidation

A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.

oxidation-reduction

(aka redox) a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).

oxidizing agent

Substance that releases oxygen.

pH

The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.

pH scale

A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution.

physical mixture

A physical combination of matter in any proportions.

physical properties

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance.

pure substance

A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.

reducing agent

A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.

reduction

The process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction.

reduction reaction

A chemical reaction in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance.

silicones

Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.

solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solution

A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.

solvent

A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.

states of matter

The three different physical forms of matter - solid, liquid, and gas.

surfactants

A contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.

suspensions

Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.

thioglycolic acid

A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions.

volatile alcohols

Alcohols that evaporate easily.

volatile organic compounds

Abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).

water-in-oil emulsion

Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets are emulsified in oil.

Why we need to study chemistry?

to understand products used on clients

organic contains carbon, inorganic doesn't

What is the difference between organic and inorganic?

acidic solution

A solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral).

alkaline solution

A solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral).

alkalis

(aka bases)compounds that react with acids to form salts.

alkanolamines

Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.

alpha hydroxy acids

Abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin.

ammonia

Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.

anion

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

atoms

The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element.

cation

An ion with positive electrical charge.

chemical change

A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance.

chemical properties

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.

examples of compound molecules (2 or more atoms of different elements)

H2O = Water, CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

examples of elemental molecules (2 or more atoms of the same element)

O2 = Oxygen, O3 = Ozone

examples of physical properties

color, size, weight, hardness, glossiness

examples of chemical properties

iron to rust, wood to burn, hair to change color from hair color or hydrogen peroxide