Vet A&P Tissues + Body Cavities

4 types of tissue

• epithelial

• connective

• muscle

• nervous

__ tissue lines body cavities and can be absorbent or secretory

epithelial

__ tissue connect/support body parts, carries nutrients/waste

connective

__ tissue provides movement

muscle (striated, smooth, cardiac)

__ tissue conducts nerve impulses

nervous

Each tissue consists of three main components:

• Cells - one type forms the majority

• Intercellular products - produced by cells

• Fluid - interstitial fluid flows through specialized channels

_____ is epithelium inside the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

endothelium

Simple epithelium is ____ cell thick

one

Stratified or compound epithelium is ____ cell thick

more than one

Squamous cells are ___ in shape

flattened

Cuboidal cells are ___ in shape

square or cube

Columnar cells are __ in shape

column (height > width)

The least specialized type of epithelium is ___

simple cuboidal

Simple cuboidal epithelium is ___ thick

Found in ____

Absorptive or secretory?

one cell thick

glands and ducts

both

Simple squamous epithelium is ____ thick and must be _____

Found lining the ____

one cell thick (thin and delicate)

easily permeable to oxygen

lining blood vessels and alveoli

Simple columnar epithelium is ____ thick and the cells are ___

Absorptive or secretary?

one cell thick

cells are tall and narrow

absorptive (small + large intestine)

secretory (digestive glands)

Ciliated epithelium functions to _____

Found in _____

waft particles along the epithelial surface

upper respiratory tract (trap inhaled solid particles)

uterine tubes (move fertilized egg along tract)

Stratified epithelium is ____ and found in ___

multilayered (thicker and tougher)

in areas subject to shearing forces (epidermis)

Pseudostratified epithelium is ___ thick, but appears ____ because ____

ONLY ONE LAYER, but appears mutilayered bc of irregular nuclei (found in trachea)

squamous cell carcinoma originates from ____

adenoma develops in ______ tissue

transitional cell carcinoma develops in _______

squamous cells in the skin

glandular

bladder wall

______ is most at risk for canine parvovirus (CPV)

unvaccinated puppies between 6 weeks to 6 months

canine parvovirus (CPV) targets _____ cells

highly infectious virus targets rapidly dividing cells (intestinal epithelium) affecting absorption of nutrients and increasing fluid loss

symptoms of canine parvovirus

hemorrhagic (bloody) diarrhea and vomiting

puppy rapidly becomes weak and dehydrated

T/F there is no drug that can cure canine parvovirus (CPV)

True

treatment plan for canine parvovirus (CPV)

supportive care and management of symptoms (IV fluid, nutrient replacement, drugs to reduce vomiting, antibiotics if there is secondary bacterial infection due to weak immune system)

Glandular tissue

modification of epithelial tissue

secretory membrane

unicellular or multicellular

Unicellular glands

individual secretory cells interspersed throughout tissue

goblet cell (secrets mucus directly on membrane)

Epithelium is aka __ membrane that functions to __ and is found in __

mucous; traps particles, extra protection, lubricates

found covering oral cavity, vagina, trachea

Multicellular gland

many secretory cells folded to form complex gland

exocrine glands

system of ducts through which secretory products are transported directly to site

endocrine glands

ductless glands; secretions (hormones) carried by blood to target organ

Simple tubular gland

Stomach, intestine

Simple coiled tubular

Sweat glands

Simple branched tubular

Stomach, mouth, tongue, oesophagus

Simple alveolar

Sebaceous glands

Branched alveolar (acinar)

Sebaceous glands

Compound tubular

Bulbourethral glands, mammary glands, kidney tubules, testes, mucous glands of the mouth

Compound alveolar gland

mammary glands

Compound tubuloalveolar

salivary glands, pancreas, respiratory passages

Connective tissue consists of cells embedded in an _______

extracellular matrix or ground substance (properties depend of type of connective tissue)

7 types of connective tissue in order of increasing density

1. blood

2. haemopoietic tissue

3. areolar tissue or loose connective tissue

4. adipose or fatty tissue

5. fibrous connective tissue or dense connective tissue

6. cartilage

7. bone

Blood functions to ____ and cells are in a ground substance called _____

carry nutrients and oxygen to cells, carry waste to organs of excretion

plasma

haemopoietic tissue

jelly-like tissue forms in bone marrow of long bones

responsible for formation of blood cells

areolar tissue is found __

areolar (spaces)

beneath skin, around vessels/nerves, between organs and muscle bundles

the most widely distributed connective tissue is __

areolar tissue

the ground substance of areolar tissue contains ___ (4 things)

collagen fibers - high tensile strength secreted by fibroblasts

elastic fibers - enable tissue to stretch and return to former shape

fat cells - varying quantities depending on location/obesity

macrophages - phagocytosis

adipose tissue is made of __ and is found __

matrix of fat filled cells closely packed together

around kidney (protective)

__ tissue acts as an energy reserve, insulates, and reduces heat loss

adipose

lipoma

common benign tumor that develops in adipose tissue

frequently in older dogs

can become very large if not removed

may cause discomfort depending on position

dense connective tissue is composed of __

densely packed collagen fibre bundles with few fibroblasts or other cells

arrangements of dense connective tissue can be ____

Parallel - regular fibrous connective tissue

Irregularly interwoven fibers - forms sheets, fascia, aponeuroses

parallel arrangement of dense connective tissue is found in __

tendons and ligaments

irregularly interwoven fibers arrangement of dense connective tissue is found in __

dermis of skin, capsules of joints, testes, lymph nodes

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) causes _____

defective collagen synthesis

cutaneous asthenia (weakness)

rare inherited condition that affects connective tissue

skin is excessively stretchy, loose, fragile, and tears easily

can affect joint stability

cartilage

rigid but flexible, resilient, able to bear weight

cartilage is composed of __

chondrocytes and fibers with gel-like ground substance

cartilage has no _____ and nutrition us provided by ___

blood supply, fibrous sheath (perichondrium)

hylaine cartilage is __ in color and forms __

translucent, blue-white

articular surfaces of joints

__ cartilage provides support in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

hylaine

why can’t you see hylaine cartialge under a microscope?

same refractive index as gel matrix

__ cartilage is the most common type of cartialge

hylaine

__ cartilage forms skeleton of embryo before endochondral ossification

hylaine

elastic cartilage is made of __

chondrocytes within a matrix and numerous elastic fibers

__ cartilage provides support and flexibility (external ear, epiglottis)

elastic

fibrocartilage is made of __

higher proportion of collagen fibers

__ cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and menisci of stifle joint

fibrocartilage

__ cartilage attaches tendons and ligaments to bone

fibrocartilage

osteoarthritis

degeneration of articular cartilage

rickets

young animals on a diet in which there is imbalance of calcium and vitamin D

signs related to problems with ossification of growing bones

osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

disturbance in endochondral ossification

intermittent lameness in shoulder and elbow joints of large breeds (Great Dane)

panosteitis

young dogs

idiopathic inflammation of all bone tissues

presenting as pain in long bones

bone is a ____tissue

living, capable of remodeling and repairing itself

provides rigid supportive framework

forms a system of levers for locomotion

Bone extracellular matrix contains the protein ____ and _____ fibers, which forms the organic material called _____

osteonectin, collagen

form osteoid (unmineralized component of bone matrix before calcification)

calcification causes _____ to become trapped in______

osteocytes, lacunae spaces

Haversian canals carry ___ and are surrounded by ___

blood vessels and nerves

lamellae (series of concentric cylinders of matrix material) and osteocytes in lacunae

compact bone is ___ and found ____

solid and hard

found in outer later of all types of bone

Haversian systems densely packed together

Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of _____

internal meshwork of trabeculae, spaces between filled with red bone marrow

found in ends of long bones, core of short, irregular and flat bones

osteosarcoma

most common type of malignant tumor of bone tissue

affects any breed of dog, most commonly in large breeds

affects limbs but can occur anywhere

can spread rapidly

affected limb is often amputated

Muscle tissue is responsible for _____

The 3 types are ___-

organized movement of the body

skeletal/striated, smooth, cardiac

skeletal/striated muscle is found __

attached to skeleton and brings about movement

skeletal muscle fibers are __

long/cylindrical, lie parallel to each other

__ muscle is under voluntary and conscious control

skeletal/striated

skeletal muscle cells are multi____ because __

multinucleated due to the fusion of multiple precursor myoblasts during development.

leads to single, long muscle fiber containing multiple nuclei

Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of ______ made of ___ and ___

microfilaments (myofibrils)

actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

Muscle fibers are grouped together in bundles called ___

fasicles

Muscle fibers (cells) are surrounded by ____

Fascicles are surrounded by ___

The entire muscle is surrounded by

endomysium

perimysium

epimysium (continuous with tendon)

smooth muscle is controlled by _____

autonomic nervous system

smooth muscle is surrounded by __

small amounts of connective tissue that bind cells into sheets/layers

smooth muscle is found __

in walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, respiratory tact, bladder, uterus

__ muscle is under involuntary control

smooth

smooth muscle fibers are __ shaped

long, spindle shaped

cardiac muscle forms the ___

myocardium of the heart

responsible for rhythmic and automatic contraction, involuntary and unconscious

cardiac muscle is increased or slowed by __

nerves supplying the heart

__ muscle is only found in the heart

cardiac

cardiac muscle cells branch to form _____ which are linked by ____ that enable ____

a network of fibers, intercalated discs, nerve impulses to be conveyed across the myocardium quickly

cardiac muscle is __ in shape

striated and cylindrical

Toxoplasmosis

caused by protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii

inflammation of muscle tissue (myositis)

Cushing’s disease

generalized myopathy

muscular weakness, muscle wasting, atrophy

Myasthenia gravis

lack of receptors for acetyl choline at neuromuscular junctions

presents as chronic fatigue

nervous tissue is formed by __

neurons