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4 types of tissue
epithelial - lines body cavities, absorbent or secretory
connective - connect/support body parts, carries nutrients/waste (blood, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone)
muscle - movement (striated, smooth, cardiac)
nervous - conduct nerve impulses
Each tissue consists of three main components:
Cells - one type forms the majority
Intercellular products - produced by cells
Fluid - interstitial fluid flows through specialized channels
Epithelial tissue lines the ____
It can be ___ or ___
body cavities
absorbent - small intestine
secretory - glands
_____ is epithelium inside the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
endothelium
Simple epithelium is ____ cell thick
one
Stratified or compound epithelium is ____ cell thick
more than one
Squamous cells are ___ in shape
flattened
Cuboidal cells are ___ in shape
square or cube
Columnar cells are __ in shape
column (height > width)
The least specialized type of epithelium is ___
simple cuboidal
Simple cuboidal epithelium is ___ thick
Found in ____
Absorptive or secretory?
one cell thick
glands and ducts
both
Simple squamous epithelium is ____ thick and must be _____
Found lining the ____
one cell thick (thin and delicate)
easily permeable to oxygen
lining blood vessels and alveoli
Simple columnar epithelium is ____ thick and the cells are ___
Absorptive or secretary?
one cell thick
cells are tall and narrow
absorptive (small + large intestine)
secretory (digestive glands)
Ciliated epithelium functions to _____
Found in _____
waft particles along the epithelial surface
upper respiratory tract (trap inhaled solid particles)
uterine tubes (move fertilized egg along tract)
Stratified epithelium is ____ and found in ___
multilayered (thicker and tougher)
in areas subject to shearing forces (epidermis)
Pseudostratified epithelium is ___ thick, but appears ____ because ____
ONLY ONE LAYER, but appears mutilayered bc of irregular nuclei (found in trachea)
squamous cell carcinoma originates from ____
adenoma develops in ______ tissue
transitional cell carcinoma develops in _______
squamous cells in the skin
glandular
bladder wall
______ is most at risk for canine parvovirus (CPV)
unvaccinated puppies between 6 weeks to 6 months
canine parvovirus (CPV) targets _____ cells
highly infectious virus targets rapidly dividing cells (intestinal epithelium) affecting absorption of nutrients and increasing fluid loss
hemorrhagic (bloody) diarrhea and vomiting
puppy rapidly becomes weak and dehydrated
no drug that can cure the virus
treatment based on supportive care and management of symptoms (IV fluid, nutrient replacement, drugs to reduce vomiting, antibiotics if there is secondary bacterial infection due to weak immune system)
Glandular tissue
modification of epithelial tissue
secretory membrane
unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular glands
individual secretory cells interspersed throughout tissue
goblet cell (secrets mucus directly on membrane)
Epithelium is aka _____ membrane
mucous; traps particles, extra protection, lubricates
found covering oral cavity, vagina, trachea
Multicellular gland
many secretory cells folded to form complex gland
exocrine glands
system of ducts through which secretory products are transported directly to site
endocrine glands
ductless glands; secretions (hormones) carried by blood to target organ
Simple tubular gland
Stomach, intestine
Simple coiled tubular
Sweat glands
Simple branched tubular
Stomach, mouth, tongue, oesophagus
Simple alveolar
Sebaceous glands
Branched alveolar (acinar)
Sebaceous glands
Compound tubular
Bulbourethral glands, mammary glands, kidney tubules, testes, mucous glands of the mouth
Compound alveolar gland
mammary glands
Compound tubuloalveolar
salivary glands, pancreas, respiratory passages
Connective tissue consists of cells embedded in an _______
extracellular matrix or ground substance (properties depend of type of connective tissue)
7 types of connective tissue in order of increasing density
blood
haemopoietic tissue
areolar tissue or loose connective tissue
adipose or fatty tissue
fibrous connective tissue or dense connective tissue
cartilage
bone
Blood functions to ____ and cells are in a ground substance called _____
carry nutrients and oxygen to cells, carry waste to organs of excretion
plasma
haemopoietic tissue
jelly-like tissue forms in bone marrow of long bones
responsible for formation of blood cells
areolar tissue
areolar (spaces)
most widely distributed connective tissue
beneath skin, around vessels/nerves, between organs and muscle bundles
the ground substance of areolar tissue contains ___ (4 things)
collagen fibers - high tensile strength secreted by fibroblasts
elastic fibers - enable tissue to stretch and return to former shape
fat cells in varying quantities depending on location/obesity
macrophages - phagocytosis
adipose tissue
matrix of fat filled cells closely packed together
energy reserve
insulates and reduce heat loss - in dermis
protective - around kidney
lipoma
common benign tumor that develops in adipose tissue
frequently in older dogs
can become very large if not removed
may cause discomfort depending on position
dense connective tissue
densely packed collagen fibre bundles with few fibroblasts or other cells
arrangements of dense connective tissue can be ____
Parallel - regular fibrous connective tissue
tendons - muscle to bone, strong bands of fibrous tissue
ligaments - bone to bone
Irregularly interwoven fibers - forms sheets, fascia, aponeuroses
dermis of skin
capsules of joints
testes, lymph nodes
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) causes _____
defective collagen synthesis
cutaneous asthenia (weakness)
rare inherited condition that affects connective tissue
skin is excessively stretchy, loose, fragile, and tears easily
can affect joint stability
cartilage
rigid but flexible, resilient, able to bear weight
composed of cells (chondrocytes) and fibers with gel-like ground substance
cartilage has no _____ and nutrition us provided by ___
blood supply, fibrous sheath (perichondrium)
hylaine cartilage
translucent, blue-white appearance
forms articular surfaces of joints, provides support in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
forms skeleton of embryo before endochondral ossification
same refractive index as gel matrix, can’t see under microscope
most common type of cartilage
elastic cartilage
has chondrocytes within a matrix and numerous elastic fibers
support and flexibility (external ear, epiglottis)
fibrocartilage
higher proportion of collagen fibers
intervertebral discs, menisci of stifle joint
attaches tendons and ligaments to bone
osteoarthritis
degeneration of articular cartilage
rickets
young animals on a diet in which there is imbalance of calcium and vitamin D
signs related to problems with ossification of growing bones
osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
disturbance in endochondral ossification
intermittent lameness in shoulder adn elbow joints of large breeds (Great Dane)
panosteitis
young dogs
idiopathic inflammation of all bone tissues
presenting as pain in long bones
bone is a ____tissue
living, capable of remodeling and repairing itself
provides rigid supportive framework
forms a system of levers for locomotion
Bone extracellular matrix contains the protein ____ and _____ fibers, which forms the organic material called _____
osteonectin, collagen
form osteoid (unmineralized component of bone matrix before calcification)
calcification causes _____ to become trapped in______
osteocytes, lacunae spaces
Haversian canals carry ___ and are surrounded by ___
blood vessels and nerves
lamellae (series of concentric cylinders of matrix material) and osteocytes in lacunae
compact bone is ___ and found ____
solid and hard
found in outer later of all types of bone
Haversian systems densely packed together
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of _____
internal meshwork of trabeculae, spaces between filled with red bone marrow
found in ends of long bones, core of short, irregular and flat bones
osteosarcoma
most common type of malignant tumor of bone tissue
affects any breed of dog, most commonly in large breeds
affects limbs but can occur anywhere
can spread rapidly
affected limb is often amputated
Muscle tissue is responsible for _____
The 3 types are ___-
organized movement of the body
skeletal/striated, smooth, cardiac
skeletal/striated muscle
found attached to skeleton and brings about movement
voluntary and conscious control
long/cylindrical fibers lie parallel to each other
nuclei lie on outer surface of cell bc presence of myofibrils push cell structures to outer margins
skeletal muscle cells are multi____ because __
multinucleated due to the fusion of multiple precursor myoblasts during development.
leads to single, long muscle fiber containing multiple nuclei
Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of ______ made of ___ and ___
microfilaments (myofibrils)
actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)
Muscle fibers are grouped together in bundles called ___
fasicles
Muscle fibers (cells) are surrounded by ____
Fascicles are surrounded by ___
The entire muscle is surrounded by
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium (continuous with tendon_
smooth muscle is controlled by _____
autonomic nervous system
unstriated, involuntary, visceral
long, spindle shaped
surrounded by small amounts of connective tissue that bind cells into sheets/layers
found in walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, respiratory tact, bladder, uterus
cardiac muscle forms the ___
myocardium of the heart
only found in the hea
responsible for rhythmic and automatic contraction, involuntary and unconscious
increased or slowed by nerves supplying heart
cardiac muscle cells branch to form _____ which are linked by ____ that enable ____
a network of fibers linked by intercalated discs
enables nerve impulses to be conveyed across the myocardium quickly
striated and cylindrical in shape
Toxoplasmosis
caused by protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii
inflammation of muscle tissue (myositis)
Cushing’s disease
generalized myopathy
muscular weakness, muscle wasting, atrophy
Myasthenia gravis
lack of receptors for acetyl choline at neuromuscular junctions
presents as chronic fatigue
nervous tissue
formed by neurons
functions to transmit nerve impulses
structure of neuron
cell body - contains nucleus
dendrons - short processes, carry info toward cell body
axon - long process, carry info away from cell
myelin - fatty material covering axon, increases speed of transmission, protects
Schwann cell - secretes myelin
synapse - transmits to next cell
demyelination
loss of myelin surrounding nerve, caused by inflammatory/immune mediated diseases
slows the rate of transmission of nerve impulse
muscle weakness or paresis
seen in diseases affecting CNS or PNS (canine distemper virus)
serous membrane
single continuous layer of epithelium that produces watery or serous lubricating fluid between surfaces of cavity and organs within it
parietal - lines boundaries or sides of cavity
visceral - covers all organs within cavity
mucus
thicker that serous fluid, more proteinaceous
has protective function
3 body cavities
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
thoracic cavity contains
heart, lungs, other associated structures
entrance - cranial thoracic inlet formed by first thoracic vertebra, first pair of ribs and manubrium
exit - caudal border filled by diaphragm
mediastinum
potential space formed by double layer of parietal pleural that separates pleural cavities
contains pericardial cavity (contains heart, aorta, trachea, oesophagus, thymus)
costal parietal pleura
continuation causes division into two pleural cavities
visceral (pulmonary) pleura
cavity also contains lungs and serous pleural fluid
diaphragmatic parietal pleura
mediastinal pleura
pleuritis
inflammation of serous membrane of thoracic cavity
caused by bacterial infection, leads to pleural effusion (fluid in lung) and respiratory problems
peritonitis
inflammation of serous membrane of abdominal wall
caused by infection (damage to abdominal wall from external wound as the result of perforation of intestinal wall by ingested foreign body)
abdominal cavity
digestive system, urogenital system, associated vessels and nerves
1 - liver
2 - stomach
1 - diaphragm
2 - coronary ligament
1 - greater mesentery
the visceral peritoneum is folded on itself in a way that keeps organs separate, suspending the organs within the abdominal cavity
mesoduedenum - suspends duodenum
mesovarium - suspends ovary
1 - lesser omentum (lesser curvature of stomach)
2 - greater omentum (greater curvature of stomach)
mobile fold of peritoneum that contains lacy network of fine vessels and fat
1 - stomach
2 - pancreas
3 - uterus
4 - bladder
feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
viral disease in cats caused by feline enteric corona virus
causes inflammation of blood vessels, results in leakage of fluid into abdominal cavity (ascites)
presents as non-painful distension of abdomen
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
no physical separation between abdominal and pelvic cavity