AP European History Final Review Guide

Birthplace of the Renaissance

Italian City of Florence

Painter of the Mona Lisa

Leonardo Da Vinci

Primary reasons for exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries

Access to Gold, spreading Christianity, mercantilism

Invention that helped spread Renaissance ideas quickly

Printing press

Discoverer of the New World in 1492

Christopher Columbus

This Treaty of 1494 divided the new world between Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Sculptor of the Statue of David

Michelangelo

Areas explored in the 15th and 16th Centuries

North and south America, Pacific ocean, Asia

Painter of the School of Athens

Raphael

Function of this was to invade England

The Spanish Armada was a huge fleet of ships sent by King Philip II to invade England. He wanted to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and bring back Catholicism to England. The Armada was defeated by English naval tactics, weather conditions, and better seamanship.

Author of 'The Prince'

Niccolo Machiavelli

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

Realism and perspective.

What was the purpose of Magellan's expedition

To go to Asian and get gems and spices.

Importance of the Medici family during the Renaissance

They were patrons of the arts providing Renaissance artists with money.

Leader in maritime exploration during the 15th century

Portugal

Protestant Reformation

It was a religious movement during the 16th century to reform the Roman Catholic Church.

Goal of the Counter Reformation

Many Catholics were unhappy with the Church about their practices like indulgences; in response, the Catholic Church formed new religious orders to reform those who had lost their direction to Protestants.

Painter of the Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was of plants, animals, and disease between the new world and old. Brought many deadly diseases.

Humanism

Was a movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the value of human beings, individual potential, and studying classical text.

Start of the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther nailing the 95 theses onto the Church door about their practices like selling indulgences.

Who was the key figure in the English Reformation

The English Reformation was centralized and controlled by Henry VIII.

The primary focus of this event was to reform the Catholic Church

Council of Trent Meetings between high church officials that tried to resolve the differences between Protestants and Catholics.

Peace of Augsburg

It caused the Thirty Years' War and allowed German Princes to select their religion as Protestant or Catholic.

Religions referred to by the Peace of Augsburg

Either Lutheranism or Catholicism.

Luther's main criticism of the Catholic Church

Selling indulgences for the forgiveness of sins.

Predestination

Believed by John Calvin where god had decided beforehand who would be saved.

Purpose of the Jesuit Order

This order converted millions to Roman Catholicism through education. It called for helping others and seeking God in all things.

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War

Treaty of Westphalia.

Role of the printing press in the Reformation

Produced hundreds of copies and more affordable to the public. Ideas spread quickly and improved literacy.

From what city was Ulrich Zwingli?

Switzerland.

Edict of Nantes

Louis XVI established the Edict of Nantes which allowed religious tolerance in France for protestants.

Change from the Catholic Counter Reformation

It didn't change anything.

Primary teaching of Anabaptists

This group thought that getting baptized as an adult is the only true form of baptism.

Country MOST affected by the Thirty Years War

Germany.

Who established a theocracy in Geneva

John Calvin.

Purpose of the Diet of Worms 1521

The assembly ruled Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address issues like the works of Martin Luther who criticized the Church.

The formation of this was a direct result of the English Reformation

The Church of England. When King Henry VIII rejected the authority of the Roman Catholic pope in Rome and established an independent church in England.

Head of the Anglican Church

King Henry VIII.

Who wrote 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'

John Calvin.

Absolutism

Where the political power is transferred away from nobility and church towards the monarchy which had the most power.

Who said 'L'etat, c'est, moi'

Louis XIV said 'I am the state'.

Constitutionalism

A doctrine that a government authority is determined by a body of laws or constitution.

Country that established a constitutional monarchy

England.

Document signed in 1689 that limited the powers of the English monarch

The Bill of Rights, limited monarchs power and protected parliament.

What was the Fronde

A series of civil wars in France 1643-53, that challenged the authority of the monarchy during Louis XVI reign.

What was the Glorious Revolution

The transfer of power to William and Mary to the throne became known as glorious because the monarchs were changed without bloodshed.

Russian ruler known for Westernizing his country

Peter the Great was influenced by western nations for change.

Thinker who came up with the idea of social contract

Jean Jacques Rousseau.

What was the Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the thirty years war and mandated that each European state recognize each other as sovereign and equal.

What was the War of Spanish Succession

A conflict over the succession to the throne of Spain after Charles II died. Philip V would succeed him but was Louis XIV grandson. Many feared Spain and France would combine.

Established parliamentary sovereignty

The English Bill Of Rights

Cardinal Richelieu

He was king Louis XIII's chief minister and divided the country into districts.

What European ruler stated, 'I am the servant of the state'?

Frederick the Great

What republic gained independence during the Thirty Years War?

The Dutch Republic gained Independence from Spain.

Enlightenment

The enlightenment promoted rational thinking and Natural rights.

Petition of Right 1628

Limited the king's ability to tax, imprison citizens without case, quarter troops and institute martial law.

Who built Versailles?

King Louis XIV of France.

Who issued the Edict of Nantes?

It was proclaimed by Henry IV and guaranteed freedom for Huguenots to worship.

What philosopher stated 'I think, therefore I am'?

René Descartes

What officially ended the 30 Years War?

The Peace of Westphalia

Who came up with the law of universal gravitation?

Sir Issac Newton.

What event started the Glorious Revolution?

James II became King after Charles II and was a catholic. He ignored the will of parliament and people were upset. 

Who came up with the idea of Separation of Powers?

Montesquieu didn't like absolutism under Louis XIV and argued separation of powers.

Mercantilism

Belief that power equals wealth especially from Gold and Silver, through a favorable balance of trade.

Who expanded and consolidated the Russian empire during the late 17th and early 18th centuries?

Catherine the Great

Who wrote 'Two Treatises of Government'?

John Locke

Empiricism

The pursuit of knowledge through experience and observation.

What was a major cause of the American Revolution?

During the Age of exploration, British taxed colonies without giving colonist representation in the British Parliament.

What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna?

To restore the territorial order that had existed before the Napoleonic Conquests.

Who was the French leader during the Reign of Terror?

Maximilian Robespierre.

Music of the Enlightenment?

Classical music was popular during the Enlightenment.

Napoleon's final defeat?

The Battle of Waterloo.

Who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'?

Adam Smith

What event is considered the start of the French Revolution?

Storming of the Bastille on July 14th 1789.

What was the purpose of the Napoleonic Code?

It reinforced revolutionary principles by recognizing the equality of all male citizens under law, guaranteeing religious toleration and protecting property rights.

What social class made up the First Estate?

First Estate was the Catholic clergy, 1% of the population.

Who was the leader of the committee of Public Safety?

Maximillen de Robespierre.

How did Napoleon rise to power?

He was a respected military officer during the French revolution.

What was the aim of the Continental System?

To stop trading with Britain.

What event caused the royal family to move to Paris from Versailles?

The Women's march on Versailles.

What territory did Napoleon sell to the U.S. in 1803?

The Louisiana purchase.

Who became the ruler of France after Napoleon's defeat?

Louis XVIII

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

Where the National Assembly refused to stop meeting until France had a constitution.

Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?

For Russia to stop trading with Britain and join the continental system.

How did Napoleon's rule come to an end?

He lost the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to St. Helena where he died.