History midterm study guide

Feudalism

a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

manorialism

political, economic, and social system in which the peasants of medievil Europe were dependent on their land and their lord

\-Under complete jusistiction of the lord of their manor

\-Under obligation

peasants

\-Poorest/lowest class

\-Lived in the country/small villages

\-Typically farmers/worked for lords who owned lands

\-Did labor based jobs

knights

\-Usually high-born

\-had military training

\-faught in battles/protected

\-attended to their lords as needed

lords

\-landowners

\-Leased their lands to the peasants

\-lived on the manors

kings

\-Kept order

\-Provided protection

\-Belived in Divine Right

\-Had total control over all lands

\-Expetced to create unity/order

church

\-Provided education

\-Held lots of political power/power in general

\-Gave spiritual guidence

monastery

\-Building that housed monks/people under religous vows

merchants

\-Traded goods (salt,textiles,iron,spices,silk,etc.)

Magna Carta

\-First document put into writing that limited the powers of the king. Stated the governement was NOT above the law

\-Prevented abuse of power

\-Gave the right to justice and fair trial

\-No new taxes without an agreement

Papal Schism

Time in which two-three people claimed to be the pope

100 Years War

Dispute between France and England over the claims to the French throne.

* England won


* From 1337-1453

Crusades

A series of relgious wars between Christians and Muslims started to gain control of holy sites both claimed to be sacred to each religon

Black Death

Deadly disease caused by unsanitary conditions, rats, fleas, etc. that killed millons of people over Europe.

* Lasted from 1346-1353

Ottoman Empire

* Controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa
* Known for their arts, medicine, and science
* One of the most long-lasting dynastys

Suleyman the Magnificent

* Longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
* Known for high devloping military and political power
* Maintaind ottoman culture

Safavid Empire

* Controlled Iran
* One of Iran’s most significant rulings
* Known for their silk industry

Mughal Empire

* Controlled much of South Asia
* Brought almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain
* enhanced trading networks

Akbar

* The third Mughal emperor
* Had military, political, cultural, and econmical dominance
* Enlarged the Mughal empire

What makes these empires similar?

* Had miliary acceleration
* Utilized gunpowder (all known as the gunpowder empires)

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Ming Dynasty

* Imperal dynasty of China lasting from 1368-1644
* Period of cultural restoration
* Created expansion and re-establishment

Confucianism

Ancient Chinese belief system that focused on the importance of personal ethics, morality, and education

Zheng He

* Chinese explorer and fleet commander of China during the Ming Dynasty
* Led the largests ships on seven voyages of exploration to lands around the Indian Ocean
* Expanded China’s political influence

Golden Age of advancement under Ming Dynasty

* Massive trade expanision
* Tecnological advanments (agricultural tools, medicine, gunpowder, bigger boats, boat sails, compass, printing, etc)

Why did China isolate?

To protect their country from European influences

Why did Japan have a lack in central government before the Tokugawa era?

Because politcal powers were overtaken by military powers

Tokugawa Shogunate

* Was the military government of Japan during the Edo period (1603-1868)
* Known for resorting order and unity

Role of shogun

* Were hereditary military leaders who were appointed by the emperor
* Worked with civial servants who adminitsered programs like taxes and trade

Role of daimyo

\-Feudal lords who controlled the provinces of Japan

\-Maintained power by ruling over local areas

Why did Japan isolate?

The Shogun believed that Christianity and other

foreign related affairs were a threat to Japan and its stability

Renaissance

A period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.

* Renaissance means “rebirth”

Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?

\-Thriving cities

\-Wealthy merchant class

\-Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

\-Lots of overseas trade

Northern Renaissance

Renaissance after 1497 outside of Italy and North of the Apls

Italian Renaissance

Began in 1420, was the revival of classical styels and ideas, naturalistic style, rising staus of an individual.

Printing Press

\-a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink.

\-Made media production faster, cheaper, and more accessible

\-Made new forms of communication

Humanism

\-approch to life based on reason and common humanity

\-Recognizes moral values

\-Founded on human nature and experience

\-Trusts the scientific method

\-Decisions based on reason, empathy, and concern for others

secularism

The seperation of religon from political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of life.

Secular = seperate

perspective

a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view.

Reformation

religious movement to reform the Catholic Church and resulting in the formation of Protestant churches.

Indulgences

A system that reduced punishment for ones sins that was taught by the Catholic Chirch

Martin Luther and 95 Theses

Propositions of debate concerned with Indulgences

salvation vs. catholic church

Salvation applied through faith

Catholic Church belived in working their way to heaven

John Calvin

\-Reformer during the Protestant Reformation

\-Stressed the doctrine of predestination

\-Reformed Churches

Predestination

The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved.

Henry VIII

\-King of England from 1509-1547

\-Best known for his numerous wives (6)

\-Established a Church in England

England’s religious reform

Church of England broke away fro the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church

Catholic Reformation

a religious movement that transpired in the 1500s throughout Europe. It aimed at reforming the Catholic Church's corruption and resulted in the creation of Protestantism, a major branch of Christianity

Agreements at Council of Trent

A series of religous meetings that reformed the authority of the Catholic Church

Scientific revolution

A series of events in Europe during the 17th century that marked advances in the natural sciences. It was the emergence of moder day scinece and tecnologies.

Witchcraft hysteria

A mass hysteria that took place in Europe of the 1400s that consited of the belief of withces and acts of touture, burnings, and acusations of wicked behaviors.

What caused European exploration?

\-The idea of new trade routes

\-Source for silver, gold

\-Way to bring Christianity to other lands

Columbus

italian explorer and navigator who completed four boyages across the Atlantic Ocean

da Gama

Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer. Became the first European navigator to round the southern tip of Africa and to demonstrate that the most effective southward route for ships lays in the open ocean, well to the west of the African coast.

What nation was the leader in exploration?

Portugal and Spain

Compass

shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation.

astrolabe

ancient astronomical instrument that was a handheld model of the universe.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the rights to colonize all lands outside of Europe

How did exploration impact Native Americans?

\-Spread of disease (smallpox, flu, measles, chicken pox, etc)

\-Wars

\-Slavery

\-Famine

\-Decline in population

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of ideas,disease, food, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World

Triangular trade

\-Trade between regions (Europe, Africa, Americas)

\-Trade consisted of textiles, wine/other goods, and enslaved people from Africa

Middle Passage

the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade.

Reasons for the rise in African Slavery

Demand of labor on plantations

Impacts of slavery on Africans

\-Destroyed homes/villages

\-Extreme torture

\-High suicide rate

\-Decline in economy

Absolutism

a political system in which one ruler or leader has complete power and authority over a country.

Goal of absolutists

To have absoulte control/power of all aspect of society

Divine right

the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on earth

Philip II

\-Self-proclaied ruler of the Roman Catholic Church

\-Wanted to limit the spread of protestantism

Louis XIV

\-Known as Louis the Great or “Sunk King”

\-King of France from 1643-1715

\-Known for being a strong-willed ruler who wanted to make all his subjects obey him

Palace at Versailles

a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles

Peter the Great

\-Russian Monarch

\-Found St.Petersburg in 1703

Westerniztion

the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence

Frederick the Great

\-King of Pruissa from 1772-1786

\-Known for his military successes and arts in the Enlightenment era

Glorious Revolution

permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England—and, later, the United Kingdom—representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy

Parliament

an assembly of the representatives of a political nation or people, often the supreme legislative authority

English Bill of Rights

irmly established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within Parliament

Enlightenment

was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with global influences and effects

John Locke

\-English Philosopher

\-Known as one of the most influence figures during hte Enlightenment era

\-Encouraged the ideas of natural law, religous toleration, righ to revolution, social contract

Natural Rights

\-Rights that people supposedly have under natural law.

\-Life, Liberty, the pursuit of happiness

Enlightenment despots

form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment

French Revolution

\-period of radical political and societal change in France

\-1789-1799

\-Protest about France’s conditions under Louis XVI rule

Three estates

The clergy, nobility, commoners

bourgeoisie

a social class, equivalent to the middle or upper middle class.

National Assembly

the new government set up by the French Revolution in the summer of 1789.

\-Debated a new consitution for France

Decleration of the Rights of Men

\-Freedom,ownership,security,resistance to oppression

\-Recognizes equality beofre the law

\-recognizes the justice system

\-Affirms the seperation of powers

Bastille Day

a holiday celebrating the storming of the Bastille—a military fortress and prison—on July 14, 1789, in a violent uprising that helped usher in the French Revolution

Robespierre

\-French lawyer

\-The architect of the French Revolution’s regin of Terror

Reign of Terror

a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution (1789-99), which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects'

Napoleon

\-Greatest military general

\-Rose during the French Revolution and became France’s first emperor

\-Conqured much of Europe in the early 19th century

Napoleon’s positive reforms

\-Centeralized a governement

\-Made a higher education system

\-Recognized banking

\-Improved France’s relationship with the Pope

\-Brought France security and stability

Napoleon’s downfall

Exiled to Elba after being forced off of the throne after his fail of invading Russia

Continental System

\-was a large-scale embargo against British trade by Napoleon

\-Attempted to prohibit all trade with Britian

Congress of Vienna

was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

Industrial Revolution

was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States,

Industrial Revolution in Great Britian

\-Wider distribution of wealth

\-Trade expansion

Production during the Industrial Revolution

Productin rates during the industrial revolution were higher and more efficent.

\-Lower prices

\-More goods

\-Imporved wages

\-Migration from rural areas to urban areas

Working conditions in the Industrial revolution

\-Cramped

\-Poor ventilation

\-Many injuries

\-exposure to toxcins

\-exposure to dusts,metals,solvents,etc.

\-Not safety gear

\-Long hours

\-Strict rules

Unions

an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment"

Why did unions form during the industrial revolution?

To fight for safer working conditions,better hours,and increased wages

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.